The first blood compatibility is negative and the second is positive. We determine compatibility in love and marriage by blood type - what can the analysis show? Determining the blood of the unborn child

Compatibility of blood groups for conceiving a child is a very important parameter that determines the normal course of pregnancy and the absence of disturbances during the formation of the fetus. This topic has become relevant along with the development of genetics as a science.

Of course, any family should be built on the basis of mutual respect, love and trust, the presence of common views on style, lifestyle and much more. However, the basis for conceiving, bearing and giving birth to a healthy and happy baby should be the biological and genetic compatibility of the future parents.

In any family planning center, many hours are devoted to this issue. We are talking about blood groups and Rh factors, and the fact that if these characteristics are incompatible among future parents, pregnancy can be difficult for the potential mother, and For a baby, a “blood conflict” poses a risk of abnormal intrauterine development.

Blood group compatibility - what you need to know

Blood is a unique biological fluid, providing all vital functions of the body. This is the basis of life, concentrated in small blood cells.

Red blood cells make up the bulk of blood and have a complex biochemical composition. Their main function is to transport oxygen to all anatomical structures of the body. At the same time, the composition of blood cells is not the same in different people; it may differ in the presence or absence of certain proteins.

It is the proteins or antigens in red blood cells that allow blood to be divided into groups. In addition, each red blood cell carries a certain Rh factor, which makes it possible to divide people not only by blood type, but also by status such as Rh negative or Rh positive factor.

Human blood can belong to one of four groups, each of which is distinguished by a set of specific proteins (antigens) that form the basis of red blood cells. Antigens are usually designated as A and B. Blood cells of the 1st blood group do not contain antigens, red blood cells of the 2nd group contain proteins A, the third group contains proteins B, and blood cells of the 4th group contain both antigens (A and B).

Blood groups - description

Blood groups were formed in the process of human evolution. Scientists believe that initially, all people had 1 blood group. Then, as a result of mutations, mixed marriages and changes in the living conditions and existence of different peoples, other blood groups began to form.

• Group 1 is the oldest, its age is more than 60,000 years. This is the blood of hunters and gatherers, whose diet was dominated by meat. The peculiarity of this group is that red blood cells do not contain antigen proteins.
• Group 2 - formed more than 25,000 years ago as a result of a change in diet, in which meat foods were replaced by plant foods. Blood group 2 belonged to the first farmers and was formed during the transition to a sedentary lifestyle associated with the domestication of livestock and the cultivation of cereals. Evolution gradually changed the human digestive and immune system, forcing them to adapt to the absorption of plant foods, and the blood type changed accordingly. As a result of mutation, a specific protein (antigen) A appears in the blood cells of blood group 2.
• Group 3 - the blood of nomads and pastoralists. It first appeared as a result of a mutation among representatives of the Mongoloid race, and together with them migrated from the steppe plains to Europe. The red blood cells of this blood group contain antigen B.
• Blood group 4 is the youngest and most mysterious, her blood cells contain two antigens (A and B). It is believed that it appeared 1500 years ago as a result of mixing the blood of different races. It is this blood group that is considered the most biologically complex, and the rarest is group 4 with Rh negative.

What do you need to know before conceiving?

Planning pregnancy and the birth of a child must be approached competently. Reproductionists advise finding out in advance the blood type and Rh factor of both spouses; this will help avoid possible complications and allow you to determine what qualities the child will inherit from both partners.

Checking for Rh compatibility is especially important, which will prevent dangerous consequences, in particular hemolysis during pregnancy. It should be remembered that if a woman has a positive Rh factor and a man has a negative Rh factor, a Rh conflict develops, in which the mother’s body perceives the fetus as a foreign organism and begins to fight it, producing antibodies. This situation is dangerous not only for the woman, but also for the fetus, since the likelihood of developing hemolytic disease in the baby increases significantly.

If you determine in advance whether conception will be possible based on blood type, you can protect the mother and the unborn baby as much as possible. And using Ottenberg’s rule, a physician can find out in advance what diseases may arise during pregnancy, approximately determine the pattern of chromosome combinations and the Rh factor of the unborn child, and also determine the color of his eyes, hair, height and other features.

The ratio of the blood groups of the mother and father is an important point, however, their incompatibility does not mean it is impossible to get pregnant, but only indicates that problems may arise during the process of bearing a child. However, today we can safely say that this thesis is not indisputable. The future genetic characteristics of the planned baby, as well as the very fact of its conception and intrauterine development, depend on the combination of characteristics of both parents. Two main indicators are taken into account:

• blood type;
• Rh factor.

None of these indicators directly influence the possibility of conception. Incompatibility of partners is important even when carrying a child, but even in this case, the conflict between the blood of the fetus and the mother does not always develop. However, it is necessary to have information about possible risks; this will allow you to take certain measures in advance and plan a successful pregnancy, taking into account possible pathologies and difficulties.

Blood group compatibility table - 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th

The blood group compatibility table for conceiving a child will help you independently calculate how comfortable the mother will be during pregnancy and what blood type the baby will be born with.

What you need to know about blood incompatibility?

Accordingly, when planning a family, it is necessary to take into account that the father’s 1 positive blood group provides full compatibility for conception and pregnancy with any mother’s blood group, but is not predominant in inheritance by the future baby.

The compatibility of the 3rd blood group for conceiving a child from the father is already quite complicated; it only goes well with the 3rd and 4th blood groups from the mother, but the probability of having a baby with the 1st group is quite high. However, the risk of any complications in this option, although very likely theoretically, is quite rare in practice.

But the compatibility of group 4 for conceiving a child, if the father has it, is possible only with the same group in the mother. If the expectant mother has a different blood type, then the risks during pregnancy are very high, not only for the health and condition of the woman, but also for the full development and health of the baby.

When group 4 in the father is combined with group 1 in the mother, the probability of the following pathologies in the unborn child reaches a maximum:

• Downism;
• autism;
• general developmental delay, including physiological retardation;
• congenital defects, including heart defects or structural abnormalities of the kidneys.

Unfortunately, there is no chance of avoiding complications or giving birth to a healthy baby with the combination - IV (AB) in the father / I (O) in the mother.

Also, the compatibility of the 2nd group of the father with the 3rd and 1st mothers is unlikely, and gives an almost complete guarantee of a difficult and extremely difficult pregnancy. However, the child is born completely healthy and without any abnormalities.

By Rh factor

The course of pregnancy and the possible development of a “blood conflict” between the expectant mother and the baby are influenced not only by the compatibility of blood groups with the potential father, but also by such characteristics as the Rh factor. The table gives a clear idea of ​​its influence:

From the perspective of such a characteristic as the Rh factor, the development of a “conflict” during pregnancy is possible with a very high degree of probability, but, quite paradoxically, in practice it is quite rare.

Moreover, complications caused by this blood characteristic, or more precisely, by the incompatibility of the Rh factors of the parents, imply only severe toxicosis, severe vomiting, swelling and other, of course, difficult moments for the mother. This nuance does not affect the health and intrauterine development of the baby in any way.

According to the table, conflict during conception is possible in the following cases:

• if a woman has blood group 1 with negative Rh, an incompatibility reaction can occur to protein A of the second blood group, to antigen B of the third group and to protein with Rh-positive blood factor;
• if the expectant mother has blood type 2, Rh-negative, then incompatibility with antigens B of the third and fourth blood groups, as well as with blood with Rh-positive factor is possible;
• If a woman has blood group 3 with negative Rh, then a conflict arises between protein A of the second and fourth blood groups and Rh - a positive factor.

You should know that a woman’s Rh-positive blood is compatible with any fetal blood. With Rh negative blood factor, the probability of conflict is within 50%.

However, issues of compatibility are a delicate matter and they concern not only the process of bearing a child, but also the very possibility of conception. It is not uncommon for the female body to begin to produce so-called antisperm bodies, which kill sperm and exclude the possibility of fertilization of the egg. In this case, they say that in this way the woman’s immune system reacts to the invasion of foreign agents carrying a set of incompatible antigen proteins.

To avoid incompatibility by blood type or Rh factor, spouses should clarify all parameters in advance when planning pregnancy.

What is a “blood conflict” during pregnancy?

Blood itself is a very complex combination of plasma, white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. In addition to “chemistry and biology,” blood is also a carrier of genetic information and performs many other functions in the human body. “Blood conflict” during pregnancy develops due to the fault of red blood cells. When the qualities of these cells are opposite and incompatible with each other, they inevitably begin mutual “attacks.”

The most serious consequence possible with such a complication in pregnancy is the development of the process of intrauterine hemolysis in the baby’s red blood cells, that is, the destruction of his blood cells by the immunity of the mother’s body.

The direct consequence of this pathology is oxygen starvation of the child inside the womb, dropsy and hemolytic jaundice. All these pathologies significantly affect the well-being of the expectant mother and lead to the birth of a defective and not entirely healthy baby.

Fortunately, modern capabilities in the field of family planning very accurately predict the degree of risk of such pathologies and make it possible to avoid them.

How to avoid

However, if for some reason a conception with a high risk of complications does occur, the woman needs to be prepared for the fact that medical care will be focused mainly on the health of the baby and maintaining the pregnancy. The measures taken by doctors, in addition to examinations and analyzes of the condition of the unborn baby, as a rule, also include the prevention of possible complications.

To prevent possible pathologies, at a period of 27-30 weeks, the woman is sent to a course of immunoglobulin injections. This drug partially blocks and suppresses blood “antibodies”, that is, it actually “freezes” the woman’s immunity, ensuring comfortable growth of the unborn child. However, such procedures can adversely affect the condition and well-being of a woman.

The expectant mother needs to take this into account, and especially take care of herself if she had to undergo a course of such therapy, because her body after such injections will not be able to cope even with a common cold, and helping herself with medications during this period is not allowed.

Blood transfusion

In the most severe cases, doctors resort directly to blood transfusion procedures or introducing particles of biomaterial directly through the umbilical cord into the placenta in order to restore and normalize the red blood cells of the unborn baby.

The development of a “blood conflict” and the complications that follow have an extremely negative impact on the health and psychological state of a woman, and can affect the health of the unborn baby, even with constant care from doctors and constant monitoring of the growth and formation of the fetus.

The modern development of science in the field of family planning makes it possible to avoid unwanted complications; you just need to take such a step as pregnancy and the appearance of a new little person with the utmost responsibility, taking advantage of the achievements of modern science and medicine.

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Some life situations (upcoming surgery, pregnancy, desire to become a donor, etc.) require an analysis, which we are accustomed to simply calling “blood type.” Meanwhile, in the broad understanding of this term, there is some inaccuracy here, since most of us mean the well-known erythrocyte AB0 system, described in 1901 by Landsteiner, but do not know about it and therefore say “blood test for group”, thus separating another important system.

Karl Landsteiner, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for this discovery, throughout his life continued to work on the search for other antigens located on the surface of red blood cells, and in 1940 the world learned about the existence of the Rhesus system, which ranks second in importance. In addition, scientists in 1927 found protein substances isolated in the erythrocyte systems - MNs and Pp. At that time, this was a huge breakthrough in medicine, because people suspected that it could lead to the death of the body, and that someone else’s blood could save a life, so they attempted to transfuse it from animals to humans and from humans to humans. Unfortunately, success did not always come, but science has confidently moved forward to the present day We only talk about blood group out of habit, meaning the AB0 system.

What is a blood type and how did it become known?

Determination of blood group is based on the classification of genetically determined individually specific proteins of all tissues of the human body. These organ-specific protein structures are called antigens(alloantigens, isoantigens), but they should not be confused with antigens specific to certain pathological formations (tumors) or proteins that cause infections that enter the body from the outside.

The antigenic set of tissues (and blood, of course), given from birth, determines the biological individuality of a particular individual, which can be a person, any animal, or a microorganism, that is, isoantigens characterize group-specific characteristics that make it possible to distinguish these individuals within their species.

The alloantigenic properties of our tissues began to be studied by Karl Landsteiner, who mixed the blood (erythrocytes) of people with the sera of other people and noticed that in some cases, red blood cells stick together (agglutination), while in others the color remains homogeneous. True, at first the scientist found 3 groups (A, B, C), 4 blood group (AB) was discovered later by the Czech Jan Jansky. In 1915, the first standard sera containing specific antibodies (agglutinins) that determine group affiliation were already obtained in England and America. In Russia, the blood group according to the AB0 system began to be determined in 1919, but digital designations (1, 2, 3, 4) were introduced into practice in 1921, and a little later they began to use alphanumeric nomenclature, where antigens were designated by Latin letters (A and B), and antibodies - Greek (α and β).

It turns out there are so many of them...

To date, immunohematology has been replenished with more than 250 antigens located on erythrocytes. The main erythrocyte antigen systems include:

These systems, in addition to transfusiology (blood transfusion), where the main role still belongs to AB0 and Rh, most often remind of themselves in obstetric practice(miscarriages, stillbirths, birth of children with severe hemolytic disease), however, it is not always possible to determine erythrocyte antigens of many systems (except AB0, Rh), which is due to the lack of typing sera, the obtaining of which requires large material and labor costs. Thus, when we talk about blood groups 1, 2, 3, 4, we mean the main antigenic system of erythrocytes, called the AB0 system.

Table: possible combinations of AB0 and Rh (blood groups and Rh factors)

In addition, approximately from the middle of the last century, antigens began to be discovered one after another:

1. Platelets, which in most cases repeated the antigenic determinants of erythrocytes, but with a lesser degree of severity, which makes it difficult to determine the blood group on platelets;
2. Nuclear cells, primarily lymphocytes (HLA - histocompatibility system), which have opened up wide opportunities for organ and tissue transplantation and solving some genetic problems (hereditary predisposition to a certain pathology);
3. Plasma proteins (the number of described genetic systems has already exceeded a dozen).

The discoveries of many genetically determined structures (antigens) made it possible not only to take a different approach to determining the blood group, but also to strengthen the position of clinical immunohematology in terms of combating various pathological processes, made it possible to safely, as well as transplant organs and tissues.

Main system dividing people into 4 groups

The group affiliation of erythrocytes depends on group-specific antigens A and B (agglutinogens):

• Containing protein and polysaccharides;
• Closely associated with the stroma of red blood cells;
• Not related to hemoglobin, which is not involved in any way in the agglutination reaction.

By the way, agglutinogens can be found on other blood cells (platelets, leukocytes) or in tissues and body fluids (saliva, tears, amniotic fluid), where they are detected in much smaller quantities.

Thus, antigens A and B can be found on the stroma of a particular person’s red blood cells(together or separately, but always forming a pair, for example, AB, AA, A0 or BB, B0) or they cannot be found there at all (00).

In addition, globulin fractions (agglutinins α and β) float in the blood plasma. compatible with the antigen (A with β, B with α), called natural antibodies.

Obviously, in the first group, which does not contain antigens, both types of group antibodies will be present - α and β. In the fourth group, normally there should not be any natural globulin fractions, because if this is allowed, antigens and antibodies will begin to stick together: α will agglutinate (glue) A, and β, respectively, B.

Depending on combinations of options and the presence of certain antigens and antibodies, the group affiliation of human blood can be represented in the following form:

• 1 blood group 0αβ(I): antigens – 00(I), antibodies – α and β;
• Blood group 2 Aβ(II): antigens – AA or A0(II), antibodies – β;
• Blood group 3 Bα(III): antigens – BB or B0(III), antibodies – α
• 4 blood group AB0(IV): antigens only A and B, no antibodies.

The reader may be surprised to learn that there is a blood type that does not fit this classification . It was discovered in 1952 by a Bombay resident, which is why it is called “Bombay”. Antigenic-serological variant of red blood cells type « Bombay» does not contain antigens of the AB0 system, and in the serum of such people, along with natural antibodies α and β, anti-H are detected(antibodies directed at substance H, differentiating antigens A and B and preventing their presence on the stroma of red blood cells). Subsequently, “Bombay” and other rare types of group affiliation were found in different parts of the planet. Of course, you cannot envy such people, because in the event of massive blood loss, they need to look for a life-saving environment all over the globe.

Ignorance of the laws of genetics can cause tragedy in the family

The blood group of each person according to the AB0 system is the result of inheriting one antigen from the mother and another from the father. Receiving hereditary information from both parents, a person in his phenotype has half of each of them, that is, the blood group of the parents and the child is a combination of two characteristics, and therefore may not coincide with the blood group of the father or mother.

Discrepancies between the blood groups of parents and the child give rise to doubts and suspicions of their spouse’s infidelity in the minds of some men. This happens due to the lack of basic knowledge of the laws of nature and genetics, therefore, in order to avoid tragic mistakes on the part of the male sex, whose ignorance often breaks happy family relationships, we consider it necessary to once again explain where a child’s blood group according to the AB0 system comes from and give examples of expected results.

Option 1. If both parents have blood type O: 00(I) x 00(I), then the child will only have the first 0(I) group, all others are excluded. This happens because the genes that synthesize antigens of the first blood group are recessive, they can only manifest themselves in homozygous a state when no other gene (dominant) is suppressed.

Option 2. Both parents have the second group A (II). However, it can be either homozygous, when two characteristics are the same and dominant (AA), or heterozygous, represented by a dominant and recessive variant (A0), so the following combinations are possible here:

• AA(II) x AA(II) → AA(II);
• AA(II) x A0(II) → AA(II);
• A0(II) x A0(II) → AA(II), A0(II), 00(I), that is, with such a combination of parental phenotypes, both the first and second groups are probable, third and fourth are excluded.

Option 3. One of the parents has the first group 0(I), the other has the second:

• AA(II) x 00(I) → A0(II);
• A0(II) x 00(I) → A0 (II), 00(I).

Possible groups for a child are A(II) and 0(I), excluded – B(III) and AB(IV).

Option 4. In the case of a combination of two third groups inheritance will go according to option 2: possible membership will be the third or first group, whereas the second and fourth will be excluded.

Option 5. When one of the parents has the first group, and the second the third, inheritance is similar option 3– the child has possible B(III) and 0(I), but excluded A(II) and AB(IV) .

Option 6. Parent groups A(II) and B(III ) when inherited, they can give any group affiliation of the AB0 system(1, 2, 3, 4). The emergence of 4 blood groups is an example codominant inheritance when both antigens in the phenotype are equal and equally manifest themselves as a new trait (A + B = AB):

• AA(II) x BB(III) → AB(IV);
• A0(II) x B0(III) → AB(IV), 00(I), A0(II), B0(III);
• A0(II) x BB(III) → AB(IV), B0(III);
• B0(III) x AA(II) → AB(IV), A0(II).

Option 7. When combining the second and fourth groups possible for parents second, third and fourth groups in a child, the first one is excluded:

• AA(II) x AB(IV) → AA(II), AB(IV);
• A0(II) x AB(IV) → AA(II), A0(II), B0(III), AB(IV).

Option 8. A similar situation arises in the case of a combination of the third and fourth groups: A(II), B(III) and AB(IV) will be possible, and the first is excluded.

• BB (III) x AB (IV) → BB (III), AB (IV);
• B0(III) x AB(IV) → A0(II), ВB(III), B0(III), AB(IV).

Option 9 – most interesting. Parents have blood groups 1 and 4 as a result, the child develops a second or third blood group, but never – first and fourth:

• AB(IV) x 00(I);
• A + 0 = A0(II);
• B + 0 = B0 (III).

Table: child’s blood type based on parents’ blood groups

Obviously, the statement that parents and children have the same group membership is a fallacy, because genetics obeys its own laws. As for determining the child’s blood type based on the group affiliation of the parents, this is only possible if the parents have the first group, that is, in this case, the appearance of A (II) or B (III) will exclude biological paternity or motherhood. The combination of the fourth and first groups will lead to the emergence of new phenotypic characteristics (group 2 or 3), while the old ones will be lost.

Boy, girl, group compatibility

If in the old days, for the birth of an heir in the family, the reins were placed under the pillow, but now everything is put on an almost scientific basis. Trying to deceive nature and “order” the gender of the child in advance, future parents perform simple arithmetic operations: divide the father’s age by 4, and the mother’s by 3, whoever has the larger remainder wins. Sometimes this coincides, and sometimes it disappoints, so what is the probability of getting the desired gender using calculations - official medicine does not comment, so it is up to everyone to calculate or not, but the method is painless and absolutely harmless. You can try, what if you get lucky?

for reference: what really affects the gender of the child is the combination of X and Y chromosomes

But the compatibility of the parents’ blood type is a completely different matter, not in terms of the child’s gender, but in the sense of whether he will be born at all. The formation of immune antibodies (anti-A and anti-B), although rare, can interfere with the normal course of pregnancy (IgG) and even breastfeeding (IgA). Fortunately, the AB0 system does not interfere with reproduction processes so often, which cannot be said about the Rh factor. It can cause miscarriage or the birth of babies with, the best consequence of which is deafness, and in the worst case, the child cannot be saved at all.

Group affiliation and pregnancy

Determination of blood group according to the AB0 and Rhesus (Rh) systems is a mandatory procedure when registering for pregnancy.

In the case of a negative Rh factor in the expectant mother and the same result in the future father of the child, there is no need to worry, since the baby will also have a negative Rh factor.

A “negative” woman should not immediately panic when first(abortions and miscarriages are also considered) pregnancy. Unlike the AB0 (α, β) system, the Rhesus system does not have natural antibodies, so the body only recognizes “foreign”, but does not react to it in any way. Immunization will occur during childbirth, therefore, so that the woman’s body does not “remember” the presence of foreign antigens (Rh factor is positive), a special anti-Rhesus serum is administered to the postpartum woman on the first day after birth, protecting subsequent pregnancies. In the case of strong immunization of a “negative” woman with a “positive” antigen (Rh+), compatibility for conception is in great question, therefore, despite long-term treatment, the woman is plagued by failures (miscarriages). A woman’s body, which has a negative Rhesus, having once “remembered” someone else’s protein (“memory cell”), will respond with the active production of immune antibodies during subsequent meetings (pregnancy) and will in every possible way reject it, that is, its own desired and long-awaited child, if it turns out to be positive Rh factor.

Compatibility for conception should sometimes be kept in mind in relation to other systems. By the way, AB0 is quite loyal to the presence of strangers and rarely gives immunization. However, there are known cases of the emergence of immune antibodies in women during ABO-incompatible pregnancy, when a damaged placenta allows fetal red blood cells to enter the mother’s blood. It is generally accepted that women are most likely to be isoimmunized by vaccinations (DTP), which contain group-specific substances of animal origin. First of all, this feature was noticed in substance A.

Probably, second place after the Rhesus system in this regard can be given to the histocompatibility system (HLA), and then - Kell. In general, each of them is capable of sometimes presenting a surprise. This happens because the body of a woman who has a close relationship with a certain man, even without pregnancy, reacts to his antigens and produces antibodies. This process is called sensitization. The only question is to what level sensitization will reach, which depends on the concentration of immunoglobulins and the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. With a high titer of immune antibodies, compatibility for conception is in great doubt. Rather, we will be talking about incompatibility, which requires enormous efforts of doctors (immunologists, gynecologists), unfortunately, often in vain. A decrease in titer over time is also of little reassurance; the “memory cell” knows its task...

Video: pregnancy, blood type and Rh conflict

Compatible blood transfusion

In addition to compatibility for conception, no less important is transfusion compatible, where the ABO system plays a dominant role (transfusion of blood that is incompatible with the ABO system is very dangerous and can lead to death!). Often a person believes that the 1st (2, 3, 4) blood group of him and his neighbor must necessarily be the same, that the first will always suit the first, the second - the second, and so on, and in case of certain circumstances they (neighbors) can help each other to a friend. It would seem that a recipient with blood group 2 should accept a donor of the same group, but this is not always the case. The thing is that antigens A and B have their own varieties. For example, antigen A has the most allospecific variants (A 1, A 2, A 3, A 4, A 0, A X, etc.), but B is slightly inferior (B 1, B X, B 3, B weak, etc. .), that is, it turns out that these options may simply not be compatible, even though when testing blood for group the result will be A (II) or B (III). Thus, taking into account such heterogeneity, one can imagine how many varieties a 4th blood group can have, containing both A and B antigens?

The statement that blood type 1 is the best, as it suits everyone without exception, and blood type 4 can accept anyone, is also outdated. For example, some people with blood type 1 are for some reason called “dangerous” universal donors. And the danger lies in the fact that without having antigens A and B on their red blood cells, the plasma of these people contains a large titer of natural antibodies α and β, which, entering the bloodstream of the recipient of other groups (except the first), begin to agglutinate the antigens located there (A and/or IN).

compatibility of blood groups during transfusion

Currently, transfusions of mixed blood groups are not practiced, with the exception of only some cases of transfusions that require special selection. Then the first Rh-negative blood group is considered universal, the red blood cells of which are washed 3 or 5 times to avoid immunological reactions. The first blood group with positive Rh can be universal only in relation to Rh(+) red blood cells, that is, after determining for compatibility and washing of red blood cells can be transfused to a Rh-positive recipient with any group of the AB0 system.

The most common group in the European territory of the Russian Federation is considered to be the second - A (II), Rh (+), the rarest is blood group 4 with negative Rh. In blood banks, the attitude towards the latter is especially reverent, because a person with a similar antigenic composition should not die just because, if necessary, they will not find the required amount of red blood cells or plasma. By the way, plasmaAB(IV) Rh(-) is suitable for absolutely everyone, since it contains nothing (0), but this question is never considered due to the rare occurrence of blood group 4 with negative Rhesus.

How is blood type determined?

Blood group determination according to the AB0 system can be done by taking a drop from your finger. By the way, every health worker who has a diploma of higher or secondary medical education should be able to do this, regardless of their profile. As for other systems (Rh, HLA, Kell), a blood test for the group is taken from a vein and, following the procedure, the affiliation is determined. Such studies are already within the competence of a laboratory diagnostics physician, and immunological typing of organs and tissues (HLA) generally requires special training.

A blood group test is done using standard serums, manufactured in special laboratories and meeting certain requirements (specificity, titer, activity), or using zoliclones, obtained in the factory. In this way, the group affiliation of red blood cells is determined ( direct method). To eliminate errors and gain complete confidence in the reliability of the results obtained, the blood type is determined at blood transfusion stations or in the laboratories of surgical and, especially, obstetric hospitals cross method, where serum is used as the test sample, and specially selected standard red blood cells go as a reagent. By the way, In newborns, it is very difficult to determine group affiliation using a cross-sectional method; although agglutinins α and β are called natural antibodies (given from birth), they begin to be synthesized only from six months and accumulate by 6-8 years.

Blood type and character

Does blood type affect character and is it possible to predict in advance what can be expected from a one-year-old pink-cheeked toddler in the future? Official medicine considers group affiliation from such a perspective with little or no attention paid to these issues. A person has many genes, as well as group systems, so one can hardly expect the fulfillment of all the predictions of astrologers and determine the character of a person in advance. However, some coincidences cannot be ruled out, because some predictions do come true.

prevalence of blood groups in the world and the characters attributed to them

So, astrology says that:

1. Carriers of the first blood group are brave, strong, purposeful people. Leaders by nature, possessing irrepressible energy, they not only achieve great heights themselves, but also carry others along with them, that is, they are wonderful organizers. At the same time, their character is not without negative traits: they can suddenly flare up and show aggression in a fit of anger.
2. People with the second blood group are patient, balanced, calm, slightly shy, empathetic and taking everything to heart. They are distinguished by homeliness, thriftiness, the desire for comfort and coziness, however, stubbornness, self-criticism and conservatism interfere with solving many professional and everyday problems.
3. The third blood group suggests a search for the unknown, a creative impulse, harmonious development, communication skills. With such a character, he could move mountains, but bad luck - poor tolerance of routine and monotony does not allow this. Holders of group B (III) quickly change their mood, show inconsistency in their views, judgments, and actions, and dream a lot, which prevents them from achieving their intended goal. And their goals change quickly...
4. With regard to individuals with the fourth blood group, astrologers do not support the version of some psychiatrists who claim that among its owners there are the most maniacs. People who study the stars agree that the 4th group has collected the best features of the previous ones, and therefore has a particularly good character. Leaders, organizers, with enviable intuition and communication skills, representatives of the AB (IV) group, at the same time, are indecisive, contradictory and original, their mind is constantly fighting with their heart, but on which side will victory be a big question mark.

Of course, the reader understands that all this is very approximate, because people are so different. Even identical twins show some kind of individuality, at least in character.

Nutrition and diet by blood types

The concept of a blood group diet owes its appearance to the American Peter D’Adamo, who at the end of the last century (1996) published a book with recommendations for proper nutrition depending on group affiliation according to the AB0 system. At the same time, this fashion trend penetrated into Russia and was classified as alternative.

According to the vast majority of doctors with medical education, this direction is unscientific and contradicts established ideas based on numerous studies. The author shares the view of official medicine, so the reader has the right to choose who to believe.

• The statement that at first all people had only the first group, its owners “hunters living in a cave”, are obligatory meat eaters having a healthy digestive tract can be safely questioned. Group substances A and B were identified in preserved tissues of mummies (Egypt, America), which are more than 5000 years old. Proponents of the concept of “Eat Right for Your Type” (the title of D’Adamo’s book) do not point out that the presence of O(I) antigens is considered a risk factor for diseases of the stomach and intestines(peptic ulcer), in addition, carriers of this group more often than others have problems with blood pressure ( ).
• Holders of the second group were recognized as clean by Mr. D’Adamo vegetarians. Considering that this group affiliation is prevalent in Europe and in some areas reaches 70%, one can imagine the outcome of mass vegetarianism. Probably, mental hospitals will be overcrowded, because modern man is an established predator.

Unfortunately, the blood group A(II) diet does not draw the attention of those interested to the fact that people with this antigenic composition of erythrocytes make up the majority of patients , . It happens to them more often than others. So maybe a person should work in this direction? Or at least keep in mind the risk of such problems?

Food for thought

An interesting question: when should a person switch to the recommended blood type diet? From birth? During puberty? In the golden years of youth? Or when old age comes knocking? Here you have the right to choose, we just want to remind you that children and adolescents cannot be deprived of essential microelements and vitamins, you cannot prefer one and ignore the other.

Young people like some things and don’t like others, but if a healthy person is ready, only after reaching adulthood, to follow all dietary recommendations in accordance with their group affiliation, then this is his right. I would just like to note that, in addition to the antigens of the AB0 system, there are other antigenic phenotypes that exist in parallel, but also contribute to the life of the human body. Ignore them or keep them in mind? Then diets also need to be developed for them, and it is not a fact that they will coincide with current trends promoting healthy eating for certain categories of people with one or another group affiliation. For example, the leukocyte HLA system is more closely associated with various diseases than others; it can be used to calculate in advance a hereditary predisposition to a particular pathology. So why not engage in just such, more realistic prevention immediately with the help of food?

Video: the secrets of human blood groups

Today, more and more young families are faced with the problem of infertility. The reasons that spouses fail to achieve pregnancy may be different. In 30% of cases, the cause is problems in the female body, in another 30% - male diseases, but in 10-15% of all infertile couples, the influence is caused by incompatibility during conception.

Symptoms

If both participants in the conception process are healthy, have systematic sexual relations, do not use contraceptives, but the woman cannot become pregnant for a long time, then they should consult a doctor.

Incompatibility of partners during conception has the following signs:

• Absence of pregnancy in a woman for a year or more, subject to regular sexual intercourse without the use of contraception.
• Constant miscarriages, which usually occur in the first trimester of pregnancy, when the woman often does not even know about her situation.
• Intrauterine death of a child or the birth of a non-viable infant.

Sexual contradiction during conception is influenced by immunological or genetic disorders. To find out the cause of this problem, you need to consult a doctor and do the necessary tests and analysis. After diagnostics and a series of examinations, a course of treatment will be prescribed.

Immunological incompatibility

This problem manifests itself in the fact that the woman’s body secretes antibodies to her husband’s sperm, which block them and prevent them from performing their function. This is a kind of allergy in a woman to a man’s ejaculate. In some cases, a man develops antibodies to his own sperm.

Doctors believe that the presence of antibodies to the sperm of a spouse in female representatives is directly related to sexually transmitted diseases and infections, as well as to the number of different sexual partners. Therefore, when planning a pregnancy, a couple must take a compatibility test or analysis.

By blood type

A positive course of pregnancy and the birth of a healthy baby often occurs in those parents who have favorable blood group compatibility for conceiving their first child. You can do a special test for this.

There is an opinion that those spouses whose blood type of the man is higher than that of the girl have a greater chance of becoming pregnant. For example, the father has the second blood group, and the expectant mother has the first. But such a theory has not been medically proven.

Also, a positive tendency towards successful fertilization occurs when parents are carriers of different groups, but at the same time the same Rh factor (positive or negative).

In cases where the blood type is the same, but the Rhesus numbers are different, difficulties may arise in conceiving a healthy child.

A man with a third negative and a woman with a second negative have every chance of giving birth to a healthy child. Moreover, he will have a negative blood group.

Rh factor mismatch

At its core, the Rh factor is special proteins that are located on human red blood cells. The majority (about 80%) of people have these proteins, that is, they have a positive Rh factor. The remaining 20% ​​are Rhesus negative. It is known that the Rh factor is formed at 7–8 weeks of fetal development and does not change throughout life.

If a woman is Rh negative and a man is Rh positive, complications may occur during pregnancy. Right up to miscarriage.

For a successful pregnancy, both spouses must have the same Rh blood factor: either negative, or positive, or positive in the woman and either in the father. If the Rhesus numbers do not match, this can cause various problems to arise both during the birth of a new life, and during pregnancy, as well as immediately after childbirth. Therefore, a blood Rh test is a must when planning a pregnancy.

Genetic incompatibility

This type of mismatch between a couple can lead to the birth of a child with genetic abnormalities or various types of diseases. The reasons for genetic incompatibility in parents may be:

• The presence of any genetic diseases in one of the spouses that are inherited.
• If the age of the future parents is more than 35 years.
• Partners are blood relatives.
• The unfavorable ecology of the area and other reasons also affect it.

Fortunately, complete genetic incompatibility is extremely rare, and modern medicine has successfully learned to deal with partial incompatibility. Such couples are under special medical control and are carefully monitored from the first days of pregnancy. They undergo a special test and analysis, the results of which are entered into a special table.

Treatment

If a couple turns to doctors for help in time, then the right treatment can help them soon become happy parents. To overcome the problem of immunological inconsistency of spouses, doctors most often give the following recommendations for action:

• It is necessary to use contraceptives for some time to reduce the severity of the female body’s reaction to male sperm.
• It is necessary to undergo treatment with antihistamines.
• It is also necessary to take immunostimulants.
• Sometimes an immunological mismatch can be circumvented by intrauterine sperm injection.

Immunological inconsistency is not a death sentence. Even in this situation, there is still a chance to get pregnant and bear a healthy child, but there may be problems with subsequent attempts at pregnancy.

Compatibility tests

Couples who are unable to conceive for a long time should consult a doctor and undergo a compatibility test to conceive. They need to take a blood test and undergo a diagnostic examination. You also need to take a post-coital test. It is recommended to do this study within 6–8 hours after unprotected intercourse, since male sperm must be present in laboratory samples of a woman’s cervical mucus. The best time to take the test is during ovulation.

So, to conceive and give birth to a healthy child, you need to prepare in advance. Necessary:

• Get examined and diagnosed.
• Pass all required analyzes and tests.
• Determine the Rh factor of the parents (negative or positive).
• Find out the presence or absence of blood compatibility for conception.
• Be examined for the presence of antibodies in the woman’s body.
• Get tested for genetic diseases in both partners.

Even if the test shows that parents are inconsistent in at least one indicator, do not despair. It must be remembered that the main factor for a successful pregnancy is the sincere love of the partners, as well as a great desire to have a child.

Doctors keep records of couples who are found to be incompatible. A special table is compiled into which the data of analyzes and tests is entered. It is constantly checked and monitored. If necessary, the couple is prescribed medication, which gives them a chance to conceive and bear a healthy child.

There are four blood groups according to the ABO system. This is due to the presence or absence of antigens in it. Antigens found in red blood cells (red cells) are called agglutinogens.

Reference! An agglutinogen is a protein compound that identifies foreign substances (for a particular organism) and interacts with antibodies. Plasma antigens (liquid part of blood) are agglutinins.

Agglutinin is a protein substance that performs the agglutination reaction of blood cells, bacteria and other antigens, and is involved in the immune response. Agglutinogens come in two types and are labeled with capital letters A and B.

• I Group does not contain agglutinogens. Indicated by 0 or “zero”;
• II Group designated A because it contains this type of agglutinogen;
• III Group includes agglutinogen B, and has the same name;
• IV Group contains both agglutinogens and is signed as AB.

Agglutinins also come in two types. They are designated by small letters alpha (a) and beta (b).

• I Group includes both agglutinins – a and b;
• II Group contains agglutinin b;
• III Group carries agglutinin a;
• IV Group does not contain agglutinins.

The combination of erythrocyte and plasma antigens distinguishes different blood groups, and we will consider their effect on conception further.

Do their combinations affect conception and pregnancy?

Representatives of the fair half of humanity often ask questions: “Which blood groups are compatible and suitable for each other, with which type the likelihood of conceiving a child is higher, is it possible to get pregnant if she and her husband have the same blood, is this possible when one spouse has the first or third positive , and the second has a second or fourth negative, is there a group with which it is difficult to get pregnant, when a woman cannot terminate her pregnancy?

You can get pregnant and have children with any blood type. Different combinations of parents' blood groups do not in any way affect their reproductive system, partner compatibility, conception and pregnancy.

The likelihood of conception is determined by many factors, here are some of them:

1. The health status of the spouses.
2. Fertility of partners.
3. The phase of a woman's menstrual cycle when unprotected intercourse took place.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), some systemic diseases, as well as bad habits negatively affect the reproductive system of both partners. Fertility in a man determines his ability to fertilize an egg. Occurs from the moment the production of motile and living sperm begins.

Female fertility (the ability to conceive and bear a child) begins from the moment menstruation begins. However optimal reproductive age – 22-35 years, when a girl is psychologically ready for motherhood and is able to endure the hormonal changes in the body associated with pregnancy.

Reference! Ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovary) occurs only once a month. Its viability is 12-24 hours. The viability of sperm in a woman’s body is 3-5 days, rarely up to a week. This time will be the most successful for conceiving a child.

Is there incompatibility between parents?

There is a myth that the development of incompatibility during conception is possible in cases where one parent has aglutinogens in the blood, and the other has corresponding aglutinins, for example, A and a or B and b.

These indicators are important to consider when transfusing blood to avoid intravascular coagulation. These factors have no effect on the likelihood of conceiving a child, intrauterine development of the fetus, as well as on the course of pregnancy for any blood group.

Termination of pregnancy and Rh factor

When terminating a pregnancy, it is important to take into account not the group, but the Rh factor.

The Rh factor is a protein antigen. If it is present, this indicates a positive Rh factor; a negative Rh factor indicates its absence. Abortion always poses a certain risk to the female body. Especially if a woman is Rh negative, she may subsequently remain infertile, and the likelihood of Rh conflict or stillbirth increases.

If a pregnant woman is Rh negative and the child is Rh positive, then the woman’s body can begin to secrete anti-Rh antibodies to foreign antigens. During the first pregnancy, very few of them are produced, and the girl carries and gives birth to an absolutely healthy child.

With an abortion, sensitization of the body occurs (increased sensitivity and accumulation of antibodies). In the next pregnancy (if the child’s Rh is also positive), repeated contact with foreign proteins occurs, which is almost always accompanied by an active release of specific anti-Rh antibodies.

What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?

A disease characterized by pathology of red blood cells, with their accelerated destruction and release of indirect bilirubin. This condition is associated with an immunological (antigen-antibody) reaction in the blood of the child and mother. Most often, hemolytic disease of the fetus develops with Rh conflict (usually manifests itself during the second or third pregnancy).

Important! It happens that a woman is Rh positive, but an immunological reaction develops - this means that there is a conflict in other antigenic systems. In any case, the conflict between mother and fetus develops after previous sensitization of the woman’s body.

Where did the information about partners’ problems with conception come from?

There is a lot of information on the Internet about the incompatibility of partners during conception based on various criteria: blood group according to the ABO system and the Rh factor. And if everything is clear with the last blood indicator from the explanations described above, then even gynecologists have not heard about the problems of conceiving a child and pregnancy due to different groups, be it 1 or 2 positive in men, 3 or 4 negative in women.

This information is likely a distorted version of various physiological processes in the human body. Therefore, if you have doubts when planning because of ABO, or there are real difficulties with conceiving a baby, then it is better to consult an obstetrician on this issue and dispel your doubts once and for all.

When are couples incompatible?

If a married couple who have had regular sex life for a long time fails to conceive a child, they should think about immunological incompatibility. This type of incompatibility can be characterized as a negative reaction of the female body to the partner’s sperm. That is, with immunological incompatibility, the woman’s immune system perceives sperm as foreign antigens and produces antisperm antibodies that prevent fertilization.

Antibodies can appear not only in the female body. They are also found in sperm. In large quantities, they are capable of destroying sperm, making fertilization of a woman impossible. If sperm manage to survive and reach the egg, there is a risk of developing fetal pathology or miscarriage. Therefore, when planning a pregnancy, both partners need to undergo examination.

Aristotle believed that the genes and external characteristics inherited by a child at conception come not only from mom and dad, but also from all the men with whom a woman had sexual relations before pregnancy, especially the first sexual partner. This the theory of inheritance of characteristics from all sexual partners is called “Telegony”.

Supporters of this idea note that there have been cases when a woman and a man of the Caucasian race gave birth to a child with dark skin color. The girl had previously dated a black man, but had no pregnancies from him. Science explains this as a manifestation of a recessive gene from distant ancestors.

Inherited indicator tables

Some parents are surprised by their child's blood type. Sometimes she is different from the group of both her father and mother, which gives rise to conflict situations in a young family that is not familiar with Mendel’s laws of inheritance.

Australian scientist Gregor Mendel found that The baby receives one gene from each parent. So, he will have one gene from the pair from his mother, and the second from his father. Genes are dominant and recessive. Dominant genes always appear, while recessive genes are stored in the genotype, but appear only when two recessive genes are combined in one pair.

According to the AB0 system, the dominant genes are A and B, recessive 0. That is, if one parent has group I (0), and the other II (A) or III (B), the child at conception will inherit the genotype A0 or B0 and the second or third groups. In the table we consider all possible options from the first negative to the fourth positive blood groups for conceiving a child and the likelihood of conflict:

Dad mom	First	Second	Third	Fourth
First	I (100%)	I (50%) II (50%)	I (50%) III (50%)	II (50%) III (50%)
Second	I (50%) II (50%)	I (25%) II (75%)	I (25%) II(25%) III (25%) IV (25%)	II (50%) III (25%) IV (25%)
Third	I (50%) III (50%)	I (25%) II(25%) III (25%) IV (25%)	I (25%) III (75%)	II (25%) III (50%) IV (25%)
Fourth	II (50%) III (50%)	II (50%) III (25%) IV (25%)	II (25%) III (50%) IV (25%)	II (25%) III (25%) IV (50%)

From this table it is clear that the child’s blood type does not necessarily have to match the group of one or both parents.

You can also determine the likelihood of a child inheriting the Rh factor. Positive Rh is dominant over negative. There are three types of Rh genotype: DD, Dd, dd. If at least one parent has the DD genotype, the child will inherit Rh positive. If a Rh-positive parent has the Dd genotype, the child can have either a positive or a negative Rh factor.

Pregnancy and parents' blood types are an important issue that a young family should consider. When visiting the antenatal clinic for the first time, a pregnant woman donates blood to determine her Rh group and affiliation.

In the case of different Rh factors of the spouses, pregnancy will take place under increased attention from the antenatal clinic. This increased attention will help to identify the likelihood of risk of conflicts based on the Rh factor and will be the key to a successful pregnancy.

Useful video

We invite you to watch a video about the Rh factor when planning pregnancy:

Issues of blood compatibility are a hot topic in modern medicine. It gained its significance with the development of immunohistochemistry and genetics, which were able to substantiate the paradoxical cases occurring in medicine.

What is blood type

The test must be taken in order to find out the genetic predisposition to pathologies and identify compatibility by blood groups. An increased level of white blood cells will reveal the presence of an inflammatory process or infection. Red blood cell counts that deviate from the norm will help determine if the body systems or organs are not functioning properly.

Knowing your blood type will help you quickly find a suitable donor or become one yourself. Also, blood compatibility will be a decisive factor if a woman tries to get pregnant.

Blood has the following composition:

• Plasma;
• Platelets;
• Red blood cells;
• Leukocytes.

Previously, people had only one blood type, but over time, man had to adapt to the environment through mutation. And today there are 4 blood groups.

Blood group discovery table

As a result of a study of red blood cells, special proteins (antigens A, B) were identified in some, the presence of which means that the carrier belongs to one of the III blood groups. Later a fourth group was identified.

In 1904, a new discovery was made - the Rh factor (negative - Rh-, positive - Rh+), which is inherited by one of the parents. Based on the information obtained, a classification was developed, expressed in the AB0 system. The table below shows the existing blood types.

Blood group designation	Opening	Diet features	Personal qualities	Place and time of occurrence
First I (0)		Meat food	Physical strength and courage	About 40 thousand years ago
Second II (A)	Karl Landsteiner – 1891, Australia	Vegetarianism	Community	Western Europe
Third III (B)	Karl Landsteiner – 1891, Australia	Mono-diet is not recommended	Persistence and patience	India, Pakistan, Himalayas
Fourth IV (AB)	Decastello, 1902	Drinking alcohol is prohibited	Resistance to allergic reactions	As a result of mixing II (A) and III (B) blood groups about 1 thousand years ago.

The concept of Rh factor

The set of antigens or proteins that make up any tissue determines the specificity of the organism. Regarding blood and red blood cells, these are antigenic surface complexes, one of which is the Rh antigen or Rh factor. According to its presence, people can be divided into antigen carriers (Rh+) and people who do not have the Rh antigen (Rh-).

All situations in life associated with the need to mix blood are determined by the ability of the blood to maintain its structure after such a procedure. This largely depends on the Rh compatibility factor.

Something to remember! Blood compatible with the Rh factor is blood that the body will perceive as its own. This means that only blood with an identical Rh factor can be such!

Blood groups and their compatibility

The theory of blood group compatibility was developed in the mid-twentieth century. Since then, the procedure of blood transfusion (hemotransfusion) has been used to restore blood volume, replace certain of its components (plasma proteins, leukocytes, red blood cells), to restore pressure, for burns, infections, and hematopoietic aplasia. To receive a blood transfusion, your Rh factor and blood type must be compatible.

There is a rule that determines blood compatibility: donating red blood cells should not be agglutinated by the recipient's plasma.

So, if the same agglutinogens and agglutinins (A and α or B and β) occur, the process of sedimentation and further hemolysis (destruction) of red blood cells starts. Being the main mechanism for oxygen transfer, the blood stops its respiratory function.

It is believed that the first I(0) blood group is universal, and it can be transfused to people with any blood group. Blood group IV (AB) is a universal recipient, that is, carriers of this blood group have the ability to accept blood of any group. In practice, the rule of exact compatibility is usually followed, transfusing blood taking into account the Rh factors of the recipients' blood.

During transfusion, the compatibility of the blood groups of the recipient and the donor determines the success of the blood transfusion procedure. In the absence of compatibility, agglutination will occur (this is the gluing of red blood cells, which leads to the formation of blood clots, which can cause death).

Blood group compatibility table for transfusion:

Blood type	Recipients	From which donors can a transfusion be given?
I (0)		I (0)
II (A)	II (A), IV (AB)	I (0), II (A)
III (B)	III (B), IV (AB)	I (0), III (B)
IV (AB)	IV (AB)	I (0), II (A), III (B), IV (AB)

From the table above, the following practical conclusions can be drawn:

• Carriers of the first blood group are universal donors, but they themselves can only be recipients of the first blood group;
• People with blood group IV are universal recipients, although they themselves can only be donors for people with group IV;
• Donor compatibility is achievable only if the donor's blood does not contain red blood cells with antibodies that will provoke their destruction after blood transfusion.

Something to remember! Compatibility for the Rh factor is determined only in 2 cases, regardless of belonging to any blood group: people with a negative Rh factor can receive only Rh-negative blood, and for recipients with a positive Rh factor, they can become Rh-negative , and Rh-positive donors!

First blood group

It is the first negative (positive) group that is considered the foundation of civilization. Our ancestors had the habits of excellent hunters, they were ready to spend all their strength to achieve the goal - this was reflected in the character traits of carriers of this blood type. Modern owners of the first group need the ability to plan actions in order to avoid rash actions.

Characteristics of carriers of the first blood group:

Characteristic	Signs
Character traits	extroversion;
	organizational skills;
	natural leadership.
Strengths	physical endurance;
	high ability to survive;
	strong digestive system.
Weak sides	increased acidity (increased risk of developing peptic ulcers);
	poor blood clotting;
	predisposition to arthritis and allergies.

Second group

Gradually, evolution moved forward, as a result of which people began to engage in more farming. Vegetables and fruits began to be used for food - the human digestive system began to adapt to new environmental conditions. Vegetable protein became the main source of energy for humans - this is how the “vegetarian” blood group appeared - the second positive (negative).

Characteristics of carriers of the second blood group:

Third group

When stressed, the body of a group III carrier produces an increased amount of cortisol, so they usually experience a lack of motivation. It is difficult for carriers of blood group III to experience a violation of internal balance and balance in the team.

Characteristics of carriers of the third blood group:

Characteristic	Signs
Character traits	versatility;
	openness to people;
	flexibility in decisions.
Strengths	a penchant for creativity.
	easily tolerate changes in diet;
	strong immunity.
Weak sides	lack of self-confidence and motivation;
	increased susceptibility to autoimmune diseases.

IV blood group

Carriers of the fourth blood group appeared as a result of the symbiosis of II and III. They quickly get tired of solving everyday issues and have a penchant for creativity. This is the rarest blood group - only about 6% are carriers.

Characteristics of carriers of the fourth blood group:

Pregnancy and compatible blood groups

There is no controversy about the need for such an area of ​​obstetrics as family planning. It made it possible to significantly reduce the number of unwanted or complicated pregnancies, which was reflected in the birth of a much smaller number of sick children. And one of the aspects of family planning can be called the compatibility of the blood of future parents.

Here it is necessary to consider issues of blood compatibility and immunological compatibility of future parents at conception. These aspects have been confused and discussed as one issue, but they are not. Decisions should not be made on the basis of unreliable information and on the results of only a blood test of spouses for compatibility.

You need to understand that:

1. If it is impossible to get pregnant, the compatibility of a husband and wife is determined not by the compatibility of the Rh factor or blood groups, but by the immunological compatibility of a man and a woman. This means that the female body produces antibodies to the components of a particular man’s sperm, and he simply does not perceive it. The Rh factor and blood type have absolutely nothing to do with it;
2. A mother with Rh- can give birth to an Rh-positive child. This can only affect the condition of the fetus and the course of pregnancy, but is not regarded as incompatibility for conceiving a child;
3. Partners with different Rh factors can have healthy children. There is no need to destroy relationships because the Rh factors of the mother and child may be potentially incompatible. However, you should definitely follow the recommendations that will be given by family planning specialists. Some of these recommendations are listed in the next section.

Combination of blood groups during pregnancy

If a couple decides to have a child, they must control this process at all stages from planning the child to its birth. For conception, blood type is less important than the Rh factor.

The fact is that when an antigen (Rh factor) enters the body, which the body does not have, an immunological reaction occurs when the recipient’s body produces destructive proteins (agglutinins) to the Rh factor. When Rh+ erythrocytes enter the recipient's blood again, gluing (agglutination) and destruction (hemolysis) of the resulting erythrocytes occur.

Rh conflict is the incompatibility of the blood groups of the mother with the Rh-negative group and the Rh+ child, due to which the breakdown of red blood cells is observed in the fetus's body.

Regarding the likelihood of rhesus conflict, you should be careful:

• Spouses whose blood mixing could potentially lead to Rh conflict, with previous pregnancies/births. A positive outcome does not guarantee anything. On the contrary, the likelihood of incompatibility between the blood of the child and the mother increases with each new pregnancy;
• Married couples where the woman has Rh- and the man has Rh+. The maximum probability of developing a conflict pregnancy is 25% when the partner is heterozygous (only 1 chromosome of the pair encodes Rh) and 50% when he is homozygous (each chromosome encodes Rh).

Table of Rh conflict during pregnancy:

Father's Rhesus	Mother's Rhesus	Probability of Rh factor in newborn	The likelihood of developing Rh conflict
Rh+	Rh+	If the parents are heterozygous - 50% positive;
		If one spouse is heterozygous and the second is homozygous, 75% positive.
		If both parents are homozygous - 100% positive.
Rh-	Rh+	If the Rh positive partner is heterozygous – 25% positive;	The probability of a conflict occurring is less than 50%
Rh+	Rh-	If the Rh positive partner is homozygous – 50% positive.
Rh-	Rh-	The child will be Rh negative in 100% of cases.	There is no conflict pregnancy

Important to remember!!!

1. If the mother's blood is Rh positive, then it is always compatible with the blood of the fetus;
2. The possibility of Rh conflict exists only if the mother is Rh negative. The risk is no more than 50%;
3. Inheritance of the Rh factor is determined not only by the actual Rh factor of the parents. It also depends on the set of genes that the child inherited, but which did not manifest themselves.

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