Rules of behavior for people in case of infectious diseases. Let us consider the features of human behavior when some of the most dangerous infectious diseases occur. Rules of conduct for the population in case of infectious diseases

08.04.2019

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To prevent the introduction of infection from outside, the exchange of goods is stopped and borders are closed.

An acutely contagious infectious disease characterized by severe intoxication and pronounced gastroenteritis, which leads to disruption water-salt metabolism. The endemic focus of cholera is India, where it has been known since ancient times. When cholera is introduced into other countries, it can cause serious epidemics, even pandemics. Cholera epidemics have claimed tens of thousands of lives in the past. For the period from 1817 to 1925. There were 6 pandemics as a result of the penetration of cholera from India into other countries, including Russia.

Etiology and epidemiology.

The causative agent of cholera - Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio El Tor - was discovered by Koch in 1883 in the feces of patients. The cholera embryo has the shape of a comma with a flagellum at the end, which ensures its mobility; it grows well on ordinary nutrients. alkaline environments with access to oxygen. The stability of Vibrio cholerae in the external environment depends on various conditions. It usually dies when dried and exposed to sunlight, instantly dies when boiled, unstable to disinfectants - bleach, Lysol, sublimate. In a humid environment, vibrio can long time maintain viability. It survives in feces for up to 150 days, on the surface of oil for up to 30 days, in vegetables for up to 8 days, in dairy products it remains viable for up to 14 days, in boiled water for up to 39 hours, in open water bodies for up to several months. It is also resistant to low temperatures. The source of infection is a sick person or a bacteria carrier. The patient excretes the causative agent of cholera with feces and sometimes vomit throughout the disease. The ways of spreading the infection are different: through hands contaminated with secretions of a cholera patient, through food. Flies are carriers of the causative agent of cholera, but the spread of cholera through water is of greatest epidemiological significance. Water epidemics are explosive.

Infection occurs through the mouth. Vibrio cholerae, having penetrated the small intestine, vigorously multiplies in it and partially dies. When it dies, endotoxin is released, intoxication quickly sets in, and an inflammatory process develops in the mucous membrane small intestine, the activity of the cardiovascular system and respiratory organs is disrupted, metabolism and heat regulation are disrupted. The incubation period lasts 2-3, less often 6 days, sometimes it is calculated in hours. The clinical picture of cholera is varied - from mild diarrhea to an extremely severe course, sometimes ending in death with lightning speed. The disease occurs acutely. The initial stage of cholera is diarrhea - diarrhea, which can only occasionally be preceded by mild abdominal pain. Then loose stool appears. Bowel movements become more frequent and become more abundant each time. Weakness is growing. Body temperature is normal. The stool quickly becomes watery and resembles in appearance and color congee. Later vomiting occurs, repeated and very profuse. The combination of diarrhea and vomiting leads to significant loss of water from the body: in a few hours, patients lose up to 7 liters of fluid with vomit and up to 30 liters with feces. Because of big loss liquid, the skin gathers in folds. Convulsions are possible. The voice becomes hoarse and sometimes disappears completely. Noted extreme thirst. There may be shortness of breath.

Treatment is complex. Measures are primarily aimed against dehydration and desalination. The patient is administered intravenously and subcutaneously saline, heated to 39-40. The infusion should be plentiful - up to 2-3 liters per injection, continuous or repeated, from 3 to 6 times a day. Intravenous infusion of a 5% glucose solution is also used. Antibiotic therapy is administered (tetracyclines, chloramphenicol). A patient with cholera should receive extensive cardiovascular therapy. Careful care. During vomiting, the patient's head should be supported. The disease is accompanied by a significant decrease in body temperature

Rules of behavior and actions of the population in outbreaks of infectious diseases

A hotbed of infectious diseases (sometimes also called a hotbed of epidemic (epizootic) infection) is an area contaminated with pathogenic microbes and a source of spread of infectious diseases. A feature of infectious diseases is, first of all, their contagiousness, i.e. the possibility of transmitting a disease from a sick person or animal to healthy ones. Another feature of infectious diseases is that they do not appear immediately after infection, but after a latent (incubation) period, which can last for several days, weeks, and sometimes months. The causative agents of infectious diseases can only be determined using special laboratory research methods and by analyzing selected samples. Human infection with pathogenic microbes can occur through inhalation of air, consumption of contaminated food and water, bites of infected insects and ticks, as well as through contact with sick people, animals and contaminated objects. Most of the activities carried out to protect against nuclear and chemical weapons, at the same time it is also a measure of protection against pathogens of infectious diseases. But to protect against pathogenic microbes, in addition, there are specific means. These include various medicinal substances used to prevent infectious diseases through preventive vaccinations. Protective vaccinations against certain diseases ( smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, polio, etc.) are carried out constantly, and against others only when there is a danger of their occurrence and spread. Therefore, when infectious diseases are detected, especially before the type of pathogen is determined, emergency prevention is carried out by medical authorities, which consists of preventive treatment with drugs that have a detrimental effect on pathogenic microbes (antibiotics, sulfonamides, bacteriophages, serum preparations). In case of outbreak of infectious diseases local authorities authorities are taking measures to eliminate it. To achieve this, measures are being taken to not only completely neutralize the source of infection, but also to prevent the spread of infectious diseases beyond its borders. These measures include: establishing quarantine or observation at the source of infection; emergency prevention; sanitary treatment of people; disinfection of objects; extermination of insects, ticks and rodents. The medical service is evacuating patients to medical institutions and their treatment. Quarantine is introduced in the event of detection of particularly dangerous infections, as well as when the type of pathogen has not been established. The purpose of quarantine is to completely isolate the source of infection and eliminate infectious diseases that have arisen in it. To achieve this goal, strict security and anti-epidemic measures are being taken. Security measures include: cordoning off the outbreak, separating the population into small groups, organizing a commandant service within the outbreak, strictly limiting entry and entry into it, prohibiting exit and exit, as well as the removal of property, restricting movement within the outbreak. Anti-epidemic measures include: carrying out emergency prevention of the entire population, active identification of patients and suspects of the disease, their isolation, hospitalization and treatment, as well as sanitary treatment of people, disinfection of premises, property, transport and area. If it is determined that the causative agent of the disease is not contagious (it is not transmitted from a sick person to a healthy person), then observation is introduced. Its purpose is to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. For this purpose, essentially the same treatment and preventive measures are carried out as during quarantine, but during observation, isolation and restrictive measures are less strict. In particular, the exit of the population from the contaminated zone is not prohibited, but is limited and permitted under the condition mandatory preventive measures. IN to a lesser extent communication of the population within the outbreak is limited. The regime and rules of behavior established in the outbreak of infectious diseases, as well as the requirements of the medical service, must be fulfilled by all citizens unquestioningly. No one has the right to evade preventive vaccinations and taking medicines. To prevent the massive spread of infectious diseases, the population is obliged to carefully observe the rules of personal hygiene and keep their homes, courtyards, and common areas clean. In residential buildings it is necessary to treat disinfectant solutions Stair railings and door handles, toilet bowls should be filled with bleach, all cleaning in the premises should be carried out only wet method; Avoid breeding flies and other insects. In the outbreak of an infectious disease, water may only be taken from water pipes or from uncontaminated water sources tested by the medical service. All products should be stored in tightly closed containers and processed before use: boil water and milk, raw vegetables and wash the fruits with boiling water, and burn the bread on the fire. Dishes must be thoroughly washed and boiled; When eating, use individual utensils. Before leaving the premises, wear personal respiratory and skin protection; Before entering a living space from the street, shoes and raincoats must be left with outside before treating them with disinfectant solutions. If the first signs of the disease are detected, you should immediately call a doctor and isolate the patient. If the patient is left for treatment at home, he must be placed in separate room or fence off his bed with a screen or sheets. Separate dishes and care items should be provided for the sick person. In the room where the patient is located, carry out ongoing disinfection - disinfection of the room and objects with which the patient has come into contact. Disinfection is carried out using the simplest means - washing with hot water and soda, soap and other detergents, as well as boiling individual items. If possible, one person should care for the patient. When caring, safety measures and rules of personal hygiene must be observed: you need to use the simplest means personal protection, wash and disinfect your hands. After the patient is transferred to the hospital or recovers, final disinfection is carried out. The room, bedding, and objects that the patient came into contact with are disinfected. Items are usually decontaminated on site; bedding is handed over to a disinfection station. In a hotbed of infectious disease, all residents must disinfect their apartments and household belongings. For this, solutions of various disinfectants (bleach, chloramine, alkalis, formaldehyde, Lysol) are used. Disinfection of walls, ceilings, floors, wooden and metal objects is carried out with rags soaked in disinfectant solutions. Upholstered furniture is first cleaned with a vacuum cleaner and then wiped with a rag or brush soaked in a 3% chloramine solution. Disinfection of cotton clothes, linen, dishes is carried out by boiling in a two percent soda solution in two hours. Disinfection of fabric products can also be done with a hot iron. Shoes, clothing, carpets, pillows and other items that cannot be boiled, as well as protective equipment, are submitted for disinfection at a disinfection station. Disinfection of residential premises must be carried out using personal protective equipment. In this case, you need to handle various disinfecting solutions carefully. The cleaning material used for disinfection is stored in specially designated areas and then burned. Smoking, drinking and eating are prohibited during work. To disinfect premises, a clarified (settled) 0.1-5% solution of bleach is most often used. To prepare a 5% solution, you need to dilute 0.5 kg of bleach in a 10-liter container and allow the solution to settle. After that upper layer The solution is drained and, if necessary, diluted with water to the desired concentration. After completion of disinfection work, persons involved in their implementation must undergo complete sanitary treatment. It is carried out at stationary washing stations, in bathhouses, shower pavilions or at specially deployed washing sites. These points and areas have three sections: dressing room, washing room and dressing room; In addition, there may be a clothing disinfection department. Before entering the dressing room, outer clothing, headwear, and skin protection are removed. In the dressing room, shoes, clothes and underwear are removed and a medical examination is performed. Contaminated clothing, shoes and protective equipment are transferred by service personnel to the decontamination department. Before entering the washing department, gas masks are removed, mucous membranes are treated with a two percent solution baking soda, soap and washcloth are provided. In the washing department, people first soap their hands 1-2 times, then their face and head, and wash them thoroughly with warm water. Then they soap and wash the whole body. Washing in the shower lasts 10-15 minutes. In the dressing department, those who have undergone sanitary treatment undergo a secondary medical examination, receive uncontaminated clothing (their own processed or from a spare stock) and get dressed.

Issues of final control.

1. Name the nature and characteristics of wartime dangers (five

Rules of conduct for infectious diseases

1. The emergence of infectious diseases
2. Recognition of infectious diseases
3. Fundamentals of protection and rules of conduct for the population

According to the World Health Organization, more than 1 billion people spread infectious diseases around the world every year. During short term large numbers of people may become infected. Thus, El Tor cholera, which began in 1960 in Indonesia, by 1971 had spread to all countries of the world. The fourth influenza pandemic (an epidemic covering a group of countries and continents) in two years (1968-1970) affected about 2 billion people on all continents and claimed about 1.5 million lives. No, no, yes, and there are patients with plague, cholera, and brucellosis. The incidence of acute dysentery, typhoid fever, diphtheria, viral hepatitis, salmonellosis, influenza. Their occurrence is especially dangerous in enterprises, educational institutions, and military groups, where one person can infect everyone.
That is why it is very important to know the signs of infectious diseases, ways of their spread, methods of prevention and rules of behavior.

November 1990. The taiga city of oil producers Langepas (Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug) turned into a huge hospital. More than 2,000 people went to the hospital with an intestinal infection, more than 100 were hospitalized, of which 13 were in very in serious condition. What is the reason? The fact is that the water and sewer pipes were laid side by side, in the same trench. As a result, fecal water began to penetrate into the water supply network.
Another example. At the Rodnik camping site, located on the outskirts of Stavropol, 45 of its settlers fell ill with cholera. Has developed critical situation, after all, at the campsite a short time 733 people visited. They had to be found, isolated and treated. Carriers of Vibrio cholerae were found in Barnaul, Perm, Krasnodar and many other cities. Only emergency measures prevented the spread of infection. The culprit was a spring near the campsite. Landslides damaged the sewer network, and sewage entered the spring water.
We must remember that pathogens of infectious diseases, penetrating into the body, find there a favorable environment for development. Reproducing quickly, they secrete poisonous products(toxins) that destroy tissue, leading to disruption normal processes vital activity of the body. The disease usually occurs within a few hours or days from the moment of infection. During this period, called incubation, microbes multiply and toxic substances accumulate without visible signs diseases.
Their bed infects others or contaminates various objects with pathogens external environment.
There are several ways of spread: contact, when there is direct contact between a patient and a healthy person; contact-household
transfer of inspection through household items (linen, towels, dishes, toys). contaminated with the patient's secretions; airborne
when talking, sneezing; water. Many pathogens remain viable in water for at least several days. In this regard, the transfer acute dysentery, cholera, typhoid fever can occur through it very widely. If the necessary sanitary measures are not taken, water epidemics can lead to dire consequences.
How many infectious diseases are transmitted from food products? Five cases of brucellosis were identified in the Tula region. Reason? Neglect of veterinary requirements and standards: the state farm sent 65 heads of cattle sick with brucellosis to a meat processing plant, the products of which infected people.
Today, salmonellosis has acquired leading importance. Its incidence has increased 25 times. This is one of the common gastrointestinal diseases. Carriers can be various animals: cattle, pigs, horses, rats, mice and Domestic bird, especially ducks and geese. Such infection is possible from a sick person or a salmonella carrier.
Patients who do not consult a doctor in a timely manner pose a great danger to others, since many infectious diseases are mild. But at the same time, there is an intensive release of pathogens into the external environment.
The survival times of pathogens vary. Thus, on the smooth surfaces of celluloid toys, the diphtheria bacillus is retained less than on soft toys made of wool or other fabric. IN ready meals, pathogens can live for a long time in meat and milk. In particular, milk is a favorable nutrient medium for typhoid and dysentery bacilli.
In the human body, the protective barriers of the skin, gastric mucosa, and some components of the blood stand in the way of penetration of pathogenic microbes. Dry, healthy and clean skin releases substances that lead to the death of microbes. Mucus and saliva contain a highly active enzyme, lysozyme, which destroys many pathogens. The lining of the respiratory tract is also good defender. A reliable barrier to stomach microbes. It secretes hydrochloric acid and enzymes that neutralize most pathogens of infectious diseases. However, if a person drinks a lot of water, then the acidity, diluting, decreases. In such cases, microbes do not die and enter the intestines with food, and from there into the blood.
It should be noted that protective forces more effective in a healthy, hardened body. Hypothermia, lack of personal hygiene, trauma, smoking, radiation, and alcohol intake sharply reduce its resistance.

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Information on the prevention of respiratory infections and rules of conduct in case of illness

The main route of transmission of ARVI and influenza is airborne, that is, through droplets released when talking, sneezing or coughing. In order to prevent the occurrence and spread of respiratory infections, it is necessary to observe the rules of personal hygiene that will protect against infection:

Wash your hands regularly and thoroughly with soap or disinfectant wipes (especially if you touch your mouth and nose or potentially contaminated surfaces);

If possible, reduce the time spent in crowded places;

Avoid close contact with people with flu-like symptoms (trying to stay about 1 meter away from them if possible);

avoid touching your mouth and nose;

cover your mouth and nose with disposable tissues when coughing and sneezing;

use individual or disposable towels;

Constantly ventilate the premises by opening windows;

Maintain a healthy lifestyle, including getting enough sleep, eating well, and staying physically active;

Get a flu shot, which will help you stay healthy and avoid severe complications from the flu;

use funds nonspecific protection to increase immunity, as well as “folk” remedies, for example: onion, garlic, lemon, rosehip infusion, etc. In case of symptoms of ARVI and influenza (body temperature above 36.7 degrees, chills, cough, sore throat, aches in body, headache, fatigue, etc.) it is necessary:

call a doctor, isolate the patient in a separate room;

limit the patient’s contact with family members;

devote Special attention patient compliance with personal hygiene rules (frequent hand washing, wearing an individual protective mask);

daily wet cleaning of the room where the patient is located using disinfectants;

limit the number of caregivers. Persons caring for patients should use personal protective masks.

Rules of behavior for people in case of infectious diseases. Let us consider the features of human behavior when some of the most dangerous infectious diseases occur.

v Plague- a particularly dangerous infectious disease.

First aid: bed rest, immediately isolate the patient from other family members, give an antipyretic when high temperature, give a headache remedy for severe pain and call a doctor. Before the doctor arrives, you can apply folk remedy: Ripe figs cut in half are tied to the sore spot.

v Cholera– an acute infectious disease of humans only.

First aid : bed rest, immediately isolate the patient from healthy people, cover with hot bottles, wrap in a warm blanket. Put a warming compress of vodka or a poultice of bran, boiled in peel and mashed potatoes on your stomach. If available, it is good to give Botkin cholera drops internally: 15–20 drops every two to three hours. You can also give half a glass of a weak (pink) solution of potassium permanganate several times. If there camphor alcohol, then you can give it 8 drops of sugar every 10 minutes, especially when the patient begins to get cold. You can also give hot, strong coffee, tea with rum or cognac. Drink and give as much fluid as possible.

v anthrax– an infectious disease of humans and animals.

First aid: bed rest, isolate the patient from others, bandage the patient’s mouth, nose and yourself with a gauze mask, call a doctor. Antibiotics, gamma globulin and other drugs are usually used for treatment.

v Tularemia– an acute bacterial infectious disease of humans and some rodents.

First aid : bed rest, isolate from others, give an antipyretic, a headache remedy and call a doctor.

v Meningitis is a dangerous infectious disease that causes inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. It is dangerous due to complications and consequences, in particular, dementia can persist for life.

First aid: exposing the patient, a cold compress on the head, wiping the body with a damp cloth, blowing with a household fan, antipyretics (aspirin, amidopyrine, etc.), headache remedies (analgin, etc.), call an ambulance or a doctor.

v Diphtheria – a dangerous infectious disease that leads to toxic damage to the cardiovascular and nervous systems.

First aid: give a laxative, gargle with a strong solution table salt or vinegar - both remove films. Cold compresses are applied to the neck, changing them frequently. If swallowing is difficult, then give ice a little at a time, but if the cervical glands are swollen, then this should not be done. Then you need to call an ambulance or a doctor. Before the doctor arrives, you should not lubricate the throat yourself, since if pus gets into the blood, it may become infected.

v Dysentery- a dangerous infectious disease that affects the large intestine.

First aid: bed rest, water-tea diet for 8–10 hours, drinking plenty of fluids(5% glucose solution, sodium chloride solution, rosehip decoction, antibiotics), at high temperatures give antipyretics, call a doctor.

v Flu - infection, dangerous with complications central nervous system and respiratory organs.

First aid: rest, bed rest, hot milk, alkaline drink, mustard plasters on the front surface of the chest, drink 3-4 liters of fluid per day (especially Borjomi water), take vitamins C, eat rich in protein food, as well as lean fish, seafood, walnuts, sauerkraut, onions, garlic, call a doctor.

v Pulmonary tuberculosis- a dangerous infectious disease.

First aid: rest, bed rest. For better expectoration of sputum, the patient is placed in a position that facilitates drainage. At severe cough They give antitussives: codeine tablets, expectorants. Mustard plasters and circular jars make things easier.

v Viral hepatitis type A – infectious disease. It affects the liver.

Prevention. Avoid consuming unboiled drinking water from open water bodies, observe personal hygiene rules and avoid contact with hepatitis patients.

First aid. Isolation of the patient, bed rest, diet (proteins, carbohydrates, trace elements potassium, magnesium, iron, vitamins). Call a doctor or an ambulance.

v Tetanus – acute infectious disease.

Prevention and first aid . Prevention - vaccination ( tetanus toxoid). Prevention of the disease is achieved by removing foreign bodies, dead tissue from the wound and treating it. If symptoms of the disease appear, keep the patient at rest and call an ambulance.

v Pig – infection.

First aid: Lubricate swollen glands with ichthyol or iodide ointment, but do not rub.

Other infectious diseases, as they occur rarely, are not considered in this paragraph.

B) Actions of the population in case of infectious diseases of domestic and farm animals

Infectious diseases caused by viruses. Many animal diseases caused by viruses (foot and mouth disease, plague, sheep pox, rabies, etc.) cause significant economic damage. Most common viral infections, causing respiratory and intestinal diseases.

When infectious diseases appear among wild animals, they are simply destroyed. To preserve livestock, domestic animals are usually vaccinated and veterinary treatment animals by veterinary services. This is done at special processing points where animals are treated with special disinfectant solutions. The type of disinfectant solution depends on the type of infectious disease, but in the case of already sick domestic animals, they are not treated, but are destroyed mainly by burning, followed by disinfection of outbuildings and animal burial sites.

For the most common diseases of animals, and from them also of humans, it is necessary to take into account the resistance of microbes and take protective and safety measures. Let's briefly consider the most common and dangerous viral diseases and measures for their prevention.

Rabies – an acute infectious disease that is caused by a virus that penetrates the wound and reaches the central nervous system.

.Prevention measures: sick animals are not treated, but isolated and killed when the diagnosis is confirmed. Dogs are often vaccinated. Animals that have bitten people or other animals are observed for 10 days. People who have been bitten are vaccinated and given a range of treatments.

Rinderpest - dangerous infectious disease.

Prevention measures : quarantine followed by slaughter and burning of corpses.

Smallpox- acute infectious disease. The disease affects all species of animals and humans.

Prevention measures: imported animals are kept in quarantine and vaccinated. Dead animals are burned.

Bovine leukemia (leukemia, blood cancer) – chronic infectious disease. Caused by a virus and affects animals with immunological deficiency

Prevention measures: regular examination of livestock using clinical and other methods. Destruction of sick animals.

foot and mouth disease– an infectious disease of artiodactyl animals.

Prevention measures : mass vaccination of cattle, goats, sheep, pigs.

Pseudoplague of birds is an infectious disease of the chicken family.

Prevention measures : in the autumn-summer period, chickens are fed proven feed, chickens must drink clean water.

Psittacosis – infectious natural focal disease many birds, including indoor birds, as well as mammals and humans. Characterized by atypical pneumonia, fibrous peritonitis, encephalitis.

Prevention measures : sick birds are destroyed.

Infectious diseases caused by bacteria. Here are examples of the most common diseases.

Glanders- an infectious disease of monoungulates.

Prevention measures : glanders is detected at an early stage allergic test with mallein. If such animals are found, they are destroyed..

Tuberculosis (animals, humans and birds) – chronic infectious disease localized in most internal organs, more often lungs.

Prevention measures: allergy diagnostics Those who react positively are killed.

Leptospirosis –.

Prevention measures: animals are vaccinated, new arrivals are quarantined.

Anthrax - a particularly dangerous acute infectious disease of humans and animals.

Prevention measures: animal immunization. Treat with anti-anthrax serum and penicillin.

Listeriosis – infectious disease transmitted from animals to humans . .

Prevention measures : animals are vaccinated. Sick animals are isolated and treated.

Tularemia – infectious disease of animals and humans.

Prevention measures: rodent control (extermination in warehouses, indoors).

Salmonella – infectious diseases caused by intestinal bacteria.

Prevention measures : patients are isolated and treated using antiseptic serum and bacteriophage.

Botulism – infection of humans and animals.

Prevention measures : strictly control the production of sausages, canned food, and pickles.

Brucellosis. This is a chronic infectious disease of animals and humans.

Prevention. Animals with positive reaction destroyed for brucellosis. The rest are vaccinated.

Infectious diseases. Rules of conduct for the population

According to the World Health Organization, more than 1 billion people worldwide suffer from infectious diseases every year. Large numbers of people can become infected within a short period of time. Thus, El Tor cholera, which began in 1960. in Indonesia, by 1971 it had covered all countries of the world. The fourth pandemic (an epidemic covering a group of countries and continents) of influenza in two years () affected about 2 billion people on all continents and claimed about 1.5 million lives. No, no, yes, and there are patients with plague, cholera, and brucellosis. The incidence of acute dysentery, typhoid fever, diphtheria, viral hepatitis, salmonellosis, and influenza is still high. Their occurrence is especially dangerous in enterprises, educational institutions, and military groups, where one person can infect everyone.

That is why it is very important to know the signs of infectious diseases, ways of their spread, methods of prevention and rules of behavior.

EMERGENCE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

November 1990. The taiga city of oil producers Laigepas (Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug) turned into a huge hospital. More than 2,000 people went to the hospital with an intestinal infection, more than 100 were hospitalized, of which 13 were in very serious condition. What is the reason? The fact is that the water and sewer pipes were laid side by side, in the same trench. As a result, fecal water began to penetrate into the water supply network.

Another example. In the Rodnik campsite, located on the outskirts of Stavropol, at the end of July 1990, 45 of its settlers fell ill with cholera. A critical situation arose, because 733 people visited the camp in a short time. They had to be found, isolated and treated. Carriers of Vibrio cholerae were discovered in Barnaul, Perm, Krasnodar and many other cities. Only emergency measures prevented the spread of infection. The culprit was a spring near the campsite. Landslides damaged the sewer network, and sewage entered the spring water.

We must remember that pathogens of infectious diseases, penetrating into the body, find there a favorable environment for development. Reproducing rapidly, they secrete toxic products (toxins) that destroy tissue, leading to disruption of the body's normal vital processes. The disease usually occurs within a few hours or days from the moment of infection. During this period, called incubation, microbes multiply and toxic substances accumulate without visible signs of disease. Their carrier infects others or contaminates various objects of the external environment with pathogens.

There are several ways of spread: contact, when there is direct contact between a patient and a healthy person; contact-household - transmission of infection through household items (linen, towel, dishes, toys) contaminated with the patient’s secretions; airborne - when talking, sneezing; water. Many pathogens remain viable in water for at least several days. In this regard, the transmission of acute dysentery, cholera, and typhoid fever can occur through it very widely. If the necessary sanitary measures are not taken, water epidemics can lead to dire consequences.

How many infectious diseases are transmitted through food?! In the Tula region in November 1990, five cases of brucellosis were detected. Cause? Neglect of veterinary requirements of II norms: the state farm sent 65 heads of cattle sick with brucellosis to a meat processing plant, the products of which infected people.

Today, salmonellosis has acquired leading importance. Its incidence has increased 25 times. This is one of the common gastrointestinal diseases. Carriers can be a variety of animals: cattle, pigs, horses, rats, mice and poultry, especially ducks and geese. Such infection is possible from a sick person or a salmonella carrier.

Patients who do not consult a doctor in a timely manner pose a great danger to others, since many infectious diseases are mild. But at the same time, there is an intensive release of pathogens into the external environment.

The survival times of pathogens vary. Thus, on the smooth surfaces of celluloid toys, the diphtheria bacillus survives less than on soft toys made of wool or other fabric. Pathogens can live for a long time in ready-made dishes, meat, and milk. In particular, milk is a favorable nutrient medium for typhoid and dysentery bacilli.

In the human body, protective barriers stand in the way of penetration of pathogenic microbes - skin, gastric mucosa, and some components of the blood. Dry, healthy and clean skin releases substances that lead to the death of microbes. Mucus and saliva contain a highly active enzyme - lysozyme, which destroys many pathogens. The lining of the respiratory tract is also a good protector. A reliable barrier to microbes is the stomach. It secretes hydrochloric acid and enzymes that neutralize most pathogens of infectious diseases. However, if a person drinks a lot of water, then the acidity, diluting, decreases. In such cases, microbes do not die and enter the intestines with food, and from there into the blood.

It should be noted that protective forces are more effective in a healthy, hardened body. Hypothermia, lack of personal hygiene, trauma, smoking, radiation, and alcohol intake sharply reduce its resistance.

RECOGNITION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Most typical signs infectious diseases are: chills, fever, fever. This causes headache, pain in muscles and joints, malaise, general weakness, weakness, sometimes nausea, vomiting, sleep disturbances, and loss of appetite. With typhus, meningococcal infections, a rash appears. For influenza and other respiratory diseases - sneezing, coughing, sore throat. Sore throat and diphtheria cause sore throat when swallowing. With dysentery - diarrhea. Vomiting and diarrhea are signs of cholera and salmonellosis.

Let us briefly consider the most common infections, ways of their spread and methods of prevention.

Respiratory tract infections are the most numerous and common diseases. Every year, up to 15-20% of the total population suffers from them, and during epidemic outbreaks of influenza - up to 40%. Pathogens are localized in the upper respiratory tract and spread by airborne droplets (Fig. 1).

Fig.1. Spread of infectious agents
diseases when the patient coughs and sneezes.

Microbes enter the air with saliva and mucus when a patient talks, sneezes, or coughs ( highest concentration at a distance of 2-3 m from the patient). Large droplets containing pathogens settle rather quickly, dry out, forming microscopic nucleoli. With dust they rise into the air again and are transferred to other rooms. When they are inhaled, infection occurs. With high indoor air humidity, insufficient ventilation and other violations of sanitary and hygienic rules, pathogens persist in the external environment longer.

During natural disasters and major catastrophes, people usually gather, the norms and rules of the community are violated, which causes the spread of influenza, diphtheria, tonsillitis, and meningitis.

Flu. His virus can infect a significant number of people within a short time. It is resistant to freezing, but quickly dies when heated, dried, under the influence of disinfectants, or under ultraviolet irradiation. The incubation period lasts from 12 hours to 7 days. Characteristic signs illnesses - chills, fever, weakness, severe headache, cough, sore throat, runny nose, soreness behind the sternum, hoarse voice. In severe cases, complications are possible - pneumonia, inflammation of the brain and its membranes.

Diphtheria is characterized by an inflammatory process in the pharynx and toxic damage to the cardiovascular and nervous systems. Pathogen

disease - diphtheria bacillus. The entry points for infection are most often the mucous membranes of the pharynx, larynx and nose. Transmitted by airborne droplets. The incubation period is from 5 to 10 days. The most characteristic manifestation of the disease is the formation of films in the upper respiratory tract. Danger to life toxic damage poisons of diphtheria bacilli in the patient's body. When they spread, breathing problems may occur.

Cholera, dysentery, typhoid fever, salmonellosis, infectious hepatitis- all these are sharp intestinal infections occupy second place after airborne droplets. In this group of diseases, pathogens enter the body through ingested food or water.

The destruction of water supply and sewer networks, poor sanitary standards, carelessness and carelessness in the use of open water bodies leads to the occurrence of these epidemics.

Acute bacterial dysentery. The causative agents are dysentery bacteria, which are excreted in the patient’s stool. In the external environment they persist for 30-45 days. The incubation period is up to 7 days (usually 2-3 days). The disease is accompanied by fever, chills, general weakness, headache. Begins with cramping pain in the abdomen, with frequent loose stool, in severe cases - with an admixture of mucus and blood. Sometimes there is vomiting.

Typhoid fever. The source of infection is patients or bacteria carriers. The typhoid and paratyphoid bacillus is excreted in feces and urine. They can survive in soil and water for up to four months, in feces for up to 25 days, and on wet underwear for up to two weeks. The incubation period lasts from one to three weeks. The disease develops gradually: well-being worsens, sleep is disturbed, and the temperature rises. On the 7-8th day a rash appears on the skin of the abdomen, chest. The disease lasts 2-3 weeks and can be complicated by intestinal bleeding or perforation of the intestine at the site of one of the many ulcers formed.

BASICS OF PROTECTION AND RULES OF CONDUCT OF THE POPULATION

Infectious diseases arise from three main factors: the presence of a source of infection, favorable conditions for the spread of pathogens and susceptible people to the disease. If we exclude at least one link from this chain, epidemic process stops. Therefore, the goal of preventive measures is to influence the source of infection in order to reduce contamination of the external environment, localize the spread of microbes, and also increase the population’s resistance to diseases.

Since the main source of infection is a sick person or a bacteria carrier, early detection, immediate isolation and hospitalization are necessary. With a mild course of the disease, people, as a rule, go to the doctor late or do not do so at all. Door-to-door visits can help in identifying such patients as quickly as possible.

The premises where the patient is located must be regularly ventilated. Select a separate room for it or fence it off with a screen. To service personnel be sure to wear protective gauze masks (Fig. 2).

Fig.2. Isolation of an infectious patient.

Emergency and specific prevention is important for preventing the development of infectious diseases.

Emergency prevention is carried out when there is a danger of mass diseases, but when the type of pathogen has not yet been precisely determined. It consists of the population taking antibiotics, sulfonamide and other medications. Means of emergency prevention, when used in a timely manner according to predetermined schemes, can significantly prevent infectious diseases, and if they occur, alleviate their course.

Specific prevention - creation artificial immunity(immunity) through protective vaccinations (vaccinations) - carried out against some diseases (smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, polio, etc.) constantly, and against others - only when there is a danger of their occurrence and spread.

It is possible to increase the population's resistance to infectious agents by mass immunization preventative vaccines, the introduction of special serums or gamma globulins. Vaccines are killed or special methods weakened pathogenic microbes, when introduced into the body of healthy people, they develop a state of immunity to the disease. They are introduced different ways: subcutaneously, cutaneously, intradermally, intramuscularly, through the mouth (into the digestive tract), by inhalation.

To prevent and mitigate infectious diseases in the form of self-help and mutual assistance, it is recommended to use the products contained in the first aid kit of an individual AI-2.

If a source of infectious disease occurs, quarantine or observation is declared in order to prevent the spread of disease.

Quarantine is introduced when particularly dangerous diseases occur (smallpox, plague, cholera, etc.). It can cover the territory of a district, city, group settlements.

Quarantine is a system of regime, anti-epidemic and treatment and preventive measures aimed at completely isolating the outbreak and eliminating diseases in it (Fig. 3).

Fig.3. Quarantine zone.

The main security measures when establishing quarantine are: protecting the source of the inspection disease, populated areas in it, infectious disease isolation centers and hospitals, and checkpoints. Prohibition of entry and exit of people, entry and exit of animals, as well as removal of property. Prohibition of transit passage of transport, with the exception of rail and water. Separation of the population into small groups and limitation of communication between them. Organization of delivery to apartments (houses) of food, water and basic necessities. Stopping the work of all educational institutions, entertainment institutions, and markets. Termination production activities enterprises or transferring them to a special operating mode.

Anti-epidemic and treatment and preventive measures under quarantine conditions include: the use of medications by the population, protection of food and water, disinfection, disinfestation, deratization, sanitization, strict adherence to personal hygiene rules, active identification and hospitalization of infectious patients.

Observation is introduced if the type of pathogen is not particularly dangerous. The purpose of observation is to prevent the spread of inspection diseases and eliminate them. For this purpose, essentially the same treatment and preventive measures are carried out as during quarantine, but during observation the isolation and restrictive measures are less strict.

The period of quarantine and observation is determined by the duration of the maximum incubation period of the disease, calculated from the moment of isolation of the last patient and the end of disinfection in the outbreak.

People located in the area of the outbreak of an infectious disease should use cotton-gauze bandages to protect their respiratory organs. For short-term protection, it is recommended to use a scarf, a towel or a scarf folded in several layers. It won't hurt either protective glasses. It is advisable to use capes and raincoats made of synthetic and rubberized fabrics, coats, padded jackets, rubber shoes, shoes made of leather or its substitutes, leather or rubber gloves (mittens).

The protection of food and water consists mainly of creating conditions that exclude the possibility of their contact with a contaminated atmosphere. All types of tightly closed containers can be reliable means of protection. Water from taps and artesian wells can be used freely, but it must be boiled.

In the outbreak of an inspection disease, it is impossible to do without disinfection, disinfestation and deratization.

Disinfection is carried out with the goal of destroying or removing microbes and other pathogens from environmental objects with which a person may come into contact. For disinfection, solutions of bleach and chloramine, Lysol, formaldehyde, etc. are used. In the absence of these substances, use hot water with soap or soda.

Disinsection is carried out to destroy insects and ticks - carriers of infectious diseases. For this purpose they are used various ways: mechanical (beating out, shaking out, washing), physical (ironing, boiling), chemical (use of insecticides - chlorophos, thiophos, DDT, etc.), combined. To protect against insect bites, detergents (repellents) are used, which are lubricated skin open parts of the body.

Deratization is carried out to exterminate rodents that carry pathogens of infectious diseases. It is most often carried out using mechanical devices and chemicals.

Strict adherence to the rules of personal hygiene plays an important role in the prevention of infectious diseases: washing hands with soap after work and before eating; regular washing of the body in a bathhouse, bath, or shower with a change of underwear and bed linen; systematic cleaning and shaking out of outer clothing and bedding; maintaining clean living and working premises; cleaning from dirt and dust, wiping shoes before entering the room; consuming only proven products, boiled water and milk, washed boiled water fruits and vegetables, thoroughly cooked meat and fish.

The success of eliminating an inspection outbreak is largely determined by the active actions and reasonable behavior of the entire population. Everyone must strictly follow set mode and rules of behavior at work, on the street and at home, constantly follow anti-epidemic and

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1. Rules of conduct for the population in case of infectious diseases 2

2. Actions of the population in the focus of bacteriological damage 6

Literature 13

1. Rules of conduct for the population in case of infectious diseases

Infectious diseases arise under three main factors: the presence of a source of infection, favorable conditions for the spread of pathogens, and a person susceptible to the disease. If you exclude at least one link from this chain, the epidemic process stops. Therefore, the goal of preventive measures is to influence the source of infection in order to reduce contamination of the external environment, localize the spread of microbes, and also increase the population’s resistance to diseases

The premises where the patient is located must be regularly ventilated. Select a separate room for it or fence it off with a screen. Operating personnel must wear protective gauze masks.

Emergency and specific prevention is important for preventing the development of infectious diseases.

Emergency prevention is carried out when there is a danger of mass diseases, but when the type of pathogen has not yet been precisely determined. It consists of the population taking antibiotics, sulfonamides and other medications. Means of emergency prevention, when used in a timely manner according to predetermined schemes, can significantly prevent infectious diseases, and, if they occur, alleviate their course.

Specific prevention, the creation of artificial immunity (immunity) through protective vaccinations (vaccinations), is carried out against some diseases (smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, polio, etc.) constantly, and against others only when there is a danger of their occurrence and spread.

It is possible to increase the population's resistance to infectious agents through mass immunization with protective vaccines, the introduction of special serums or gamma globulins. Vaccines are pathogenic microbes killed or weakened by special methods, and when introduced into the body of healthy people, they develop a state of immunity to the disease. They are administered in different ways: subcutaneously, cutaneously, intradermally, intramuscularly, through the mouth (into the digestive tract), by inhalation.

To prevent and mitigate infectious diseases in the form of self-help and mutual assistance, it is recommended to use the products contained in the first aid kit of an individual AI-2.

If a source of infectious disease occurs, quarantine or observation is declared in order to prevent the spread of disease.

Quarantine is introduced when particularly dangerous diseases occur (smallpox, plague, cholera, etc.). It can cover the territory of a district, city, or group of settlements.

Quarantine is a system of regime, anti-epidemic and treatment and preventive measures aimed at completely isolating the outbreak and eliminating diseases in it. The main security measures when establishing quarantine are: protecting the source of an infectious disease, populated areas in it, infectious disease isolation centers and hospitals, and checkpoints. Prohibition of entry and exit of people, entry and exit of animals, as well as removal of property. Prohibition of transit passage of transport, with the exception of rail and water. Separation of the population into small groups and limitation of communication between them. Organization of delivery to apartments (houses) of food, water and basic necessities. Stopping the work of all educational institutions, entertainment institutions, and markets. Termination of production activities of enterprises or their transfer to a special mode of operation.

Observation is introduced if the type of pathogen is not particularly dangerous. The purpose of observation is to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and eliminate them. For this purpose, essentially the same treatment and preventive measures are carried out as during quarantine, but during observation, isolation and restrictive measures are less strict.

People located in the area of the outbreak of an infectious disease should use cotton-gauze bandages to protect their respiratory organs. For short-term protection, it is recommended to use a scarf, a towel or a scarf folded in several layers. Safety glasses won't hurt either. It is advisable to use capes and raincoats made of synthetic and rubberized fabrics, coats, padded jackets, rubber shoes, shoes made of leather or its substitutes, leather or rubber gloves (mittens).

The protection of food and water consists mainly of creating conditions that exclude the possibility of their contact with a contaminated atmosphere. Case protective equipment can be all types of tightly closed containers.

Water from taps and artesian wells can be used freely, but it must be boiled.

In the source of an infectious disease, disinfection, disinsection and deratization cannot be avoided.

Disinsection is carried out to destroy insects and mites that carry infectious disease pathogens. For this purpose, various methods are used: mechanical (beating, shaking, washing), physical (ironing, boiling), chemical (use of insecticides chlorophos, thiophos, DDT, etc.), combined. To protect against insect bites, repellents are used, which are applied to the skin of exposed parts of the body.

Deratization is carried out to exterminate rodents that carry pathogens of infectious diseases. It is most often carried out using mechanical devices and chemicals.

Strict adherence to the rules of personal hygiene plays an important role in the prevention of infectious diseases: washing hands with soap after work and before eating; regular washing of the body in a bathhouse, bath, or shower with a change of underwear and bed linen; systematic cleaning and shaking of outerwear and bedding; maintaining clean living and working premises; cleaning from dirt and dust, wiping shoes before entering the room; eating only proven products, boiled water and milk, fruits and vegetables washed with boiled water, thoroughly cooked meat and fish.

The success of eliminating an infectious focus is largely determined by active actions and reasonable behavior of the entire population. Everyone must strictly follow the established regime and rules of behavior at work, on the street and at home, and constantly comply with anti-epidemic and sanitary-hygienic standards.

2. Actions of the population in the focus of bacteriological damage

The focus of bacteriological damage is called cities, other settlements, objects National economy and areas contaminated bacterial agents and are a source of spread of infectious diseases. The enemy can create such a focus using numerous pathogens of various infectious diseases.

The timeliness and effectiveness of taking protective measures against bacterial agents, which form the basis of the destructive effect of bacteriological weapons, will be largely determined by how well the signs of a bacteriological attack by the enemy are studied. With some observation, you can notice: in places where bacterial ammunition ruptures, the presence of drops of liquid or powdery substances on the soil, vegetation and various objects or when the ammunition ruptures - lung formation clouds of smoke (fog); the appearance of a dark stripe behind a flying aircraft, which gradually settles and dissipates; a concentration of insects and rodents, the most dangerous carriers of bacterial agents, unusual for a given area and a given time of year; the emergence of mass diseases among people and farm animals, as well as mass mortality of animals.

Having discovered at least one of the signs of the enemy using bacteriological weapons, you must immediately put on a gas mask (respirator, anti-dust fabric mask or cotton-gauze bandage), and, if possible, skin protection and report this to the nearest civil defense control authority or medical institution. Then, depending on the situation, you can take refuge in a protective structure (shelter, anti-radiation or simple shelter). Timely and correct use of personal protective equipment and protective structures will prevent bacterial agents from entering the respiratory system, skin and clothing.

Successful protection against bacteriological weapons largely depends, in addition, on the degree of immunity of the population to infectious diseases and the effects of toxins. Immunity can be achieved first general strengthening the body through systematic hardening and physical education and sports; Even in peacetime, holding these events should be the rule for the entire population. Immunity is also achieved by carrying out specific prophylaxis, which is usually carried out in advance by vaccination, vaccination and serums. In addition, immediately if there is a threat of injury (or after injury) by bacterial agents, antibacterial agent No. 1 from the AI-2 first aid kit should be used.

In order to ensure effective protection from bacteriological weapons great importance has anti-epidemic and sanitary-hygienic measures. It is necessary to strictly adhere to the rules of personal hygiene and sanitary requirements when providing food and water supply to the population. Preparation and consumption of food should exclude the possibility of contamination by bacterial agents; Various types of utensils used in preparing and eating food must be washed with disinfectant solutions or treated by boiling.

The simultaneous appearance of a significant number of infectious diseases among people in the event of the enemy using bacteriological weapons can have a strong psychological impact even on healthy people. The actions and behavior of each person in this case should be aimed at preventing possible panic.

To prevent the spread of infectious diseases when the enemy uses bacteriological weapons, quarantine and observation are used by order of the heads of civil defense of districts and cities, and the tactics of national economic facilities.

Quarantine is introduced when it is indisputably established that the enemy has used bacteriological weapons, and mainly in cases where the pathogens used are particularly dangerous (plague, cholera, etc.). The quarantine regime provides for complete isolation of the affected area from the surrounding population; it aims to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

Armed guards are installed at the external borders of the quarantine zone, a commandant service and patrols are organized, and traffic is regulated. In settlements and facilities where quarantine is established, a local (internal) commandant service is organized, protection of infectious disease isolation centers and hospitals, checkpoints, etc. is provided.

People, animals and property are prohibited from leaving areas where quarantine has been declared. Entry into the contaminated territory is permitted by civil defense chiefs only to special units and modes of transport. Transit passage of transport through the affected areas is prohibited (the only exception may be railway transport).

National economic facilities that find themselves in the quarantine zone and continue their production activities are switching to a special mode of operation with strict compliance with anti-epidemic requirements. Work shifts are divided into separate groups (possibly smaller in composition), contact between them is reduced to a minimum. Meals and rest for workers and employees are organized in groups in specially designated premises. In the quarantine zone, the work of all educational institutions, entertainment institutions, markets and bazaars is suspended.

The population in the quarantine zone is divided into small groups (the so-called fractional quarantine); he is not allowed to leave his apartments or debts unless absolutely necessary. Food, water and basic necessities are delivered to such populations by special teams. If it is necessary to carry out urgent work outside buildings, people must wear personal protective equipment.

Every citizen bears strict responsibility for compliance with security measures in the quarantine zone; control over their compliance is carried out by the public order service.

In the case where the identified type of pathogen does not belong to the group of particularly dangerous ones, the imposed quarantine is replaced by observation, which provides for medical observation of the lesion and the implementation of the necessary treatment and preventive measures. Isolation and restrictive measures during observation are less strict than during quarantine.

In the focus of bacteriological damage, one of the priority measures is to carry out emergency preventive treatment of the population. Such treatment will be organized medical staff, attached to the object, district police medical workers, and personnel medical units. Each sanitary guard is assigned a part of the street, a block, a house or a workshop, which the sanitary attendants inspect 2-3 times a day; The population, workers and employees are provided with medicinal drugs. Antibiotics are used for prevention wide range actions and other drugs that provide preventive and healing effect. The population that has AI-2 first aid kits carries out prophylaxis independently, using medications from the first aid kit.

As soon as the type of pathogen is determined, specific emergency prevention is carried out, which consists of the use of antibiotics, serums, etc., specific for this disease.

The occurrence and spread of epidemics largely depend on how strictly emergency measures are followed. preventive treatment. Under no circumstances should you avoid taking medications to prevent diseases. It must be remembered that the timely use of antibiotics, serums and other drugs will not only reduce the number of victims, but will also help to quickly eliminate foci of infectious diseases.

In quarantine and observation zones, disinfection, disinfestation and deratization are organized from the very beginning of their implementation. Disinfection is aimed at disinfecting environmental objects that are necessary for normal activities and the safe stay of people. Disinfection, for example, of territory, structures, equipment, machinery and various items can be carried out using fire-fighting, agricultural, construction and other equipment; small objects are disinfected using manual equipment. For disinfection, solutions of bleach and chloramine, Lysol, formaldehyde, etc. are used. In the absence of these substances, hot water (with soap or soda) and steam can be used to disinfect premises, equipment, and equipment.

Disinsection and deratization are activities related, respectively, to the destruction of insects and the extermination of rodents, which are known to be carriers of infectious diseases. To destroy insects, physical (boiling, ironing with a hot iron, etc.), chemical (use of disinfestants) and combined methods; The extermination of rodents in most cases is carried out using mechanical devices (traps of various types) and chemicals. Among the disinfectants, the most wide application can find the drug DDT, hexachlorane, chlorophos; among the drugs intended for the extermination of rodents are ratsid, scurvy phosphide, potassium sulfate.

After disinfection, disinfestation and deratization, complete sanitary treatment of persons who took part in the implementation of these activities is carried out. If necessary, sanitary treatment of the rest of the population is organized.

Simultaneously with the considered measures in the quarantine (observation) zone, the identification of sick people and even those suspected of the disease is carried out. Signs of the disease include fever, bad feeling, headaches, the appearance of rashes, etc. The nurses and medical workers find out these data through the responsible tenants of the apartments and house owners and immediately report to the formation commander or to the medical institution to take measures to isolate and treat the sick.

After referring the patient to a special infectious diseases hospital and the apartment where he lived is being disinfected; The patient's belongings and clothes are also disinfected. All those in contact with the patient are sanitized and isolated (at home or in special premises).

If it is not possible to hospitalize an infectious patient, he is isolated at home, and one of the family members takes care of him. The patient should use separate utensils, towels, soap, bedpan and urine bag. In the morning and evening at the same time, his temperature is measured, the thermometer readings are recorded on a special temperature sheet indicating the date and time of measurement. Before each meal, the patient is helped to wash his hands and rinse his mouth and throat, and in the morning and before going to bed at night - to wash and brush his teeth.

Seriously ill patients should wipe their face with a damp towel or napkin; eyes and oral cavity are wiped with swabs moistened with a 1 - 2% solution boric acid or baking soda. Towels and napkins used to treat the patient are disinfected, paper napkins and tampons are burned. To avoid bedsores, it is necessary to adjust the patient’s bed and help him change position, and, if necessary, use pads.

At least twice a day, the room in which the patient is located should be ventilated and wet cleaned using disinfectant solutions.

The person caring for the patient must use a cotton-gauze bandage, a gown (or appropriate clothing), gloves, and emergency and specific preventive measures; He must carefully keep your hands clean (nails should be cut short) and clothes. After each contact with secretions, linen, dishes and other objects of the patient, you must wash your hands and disinfect them with a 3% Lysol solution or a 1% chloramine solution. You should also have a towel with you, one end of which should be soaked in a disinfectant solution.

Literature

Avazhansky Yu.V. Defense of the Fatherland - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1989.

Civil defense. - /Ed. N.P.Olovyanishnikova - M.: Higher school, 1979.

Civil defense. / Edited by Army General A.T. Altunin - M.: Voenizdat, 1982.

Kammerer Yu.Yu. Protective structures of civil defense - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1985

Kulpinov Sergey. Website by civil defense http: // www.gr-obor.narod.ru/- 2003