Elena Aniskova, Alena Silakova

Research work on valeology.

Purpose of the work: to study the health status of students at Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 2 and the factors influencing it, to develop recommendations for improving their health status.

The work is structured in accordance with the tasks that the author sets for himself

1. Study and analyze the literature on the topic: the state of health of schoolchildren in Russia, in the Amur region
2. Consult with doctor of the central district hospital on the health status of schoolchildren in the Oktyabrsky district
3. Analyze the results of medical examination of students of Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 2
4. Consult with nurse schools about the health status of school students
5. Reveal possible reasons deterioration of schoolchildren's health
6. Explore factors influencing student health
7. Conduct a survey among students to identify self-assessment of factors affecting health
8. Based on the results obtained, draw conclusions and develop recommendations for improving the health status of schoolchildren

Hypothesis: Educational activities pose a risk to the health of schoolchildren. Students at school not only receive knowledge, but also a number of diseases associated with physical and psychological state child's body.

Fundamental Question: Is our school harmful to student health?

Working methods

1. Survey
2. Questionnaire
3. Statistical processing
4. Analysis of results

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MUNICIPAL BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

"SECONDARY SCHOOL No. 2

S. EKATERINOSLAVKA"

Health status of schoolchildren of municipal educational institution secondary school No. 2

And the factors influencing it

Research work on valeology

Completed:

Aniskova Elena Nikolaevna,

Silakova Alena Sergeevna

11B grade students

Supervisor:

Meshkova Evgenia Alexandrovna

2010 -2011

1. Introduction

1. Diseases of schoolchildren of the Amur region, Oktyabrsky district, students of municipal educational institution secondary school No. 2

1. The influence of socio-economic factors on the health of students
2. The influence of organizational and pedagogical factors on the health status of schoolchildren

1. Conclusion

1. Introduction

The topic of health and education is very relevant in our time, because... all children will definitely go or will go to school and receive not only knowledge, but, perhaps, if you don’t take care of it now, diseases, ranging from myopia to gastritis. The situation is clear: every year the health of students is getting worse and worse.

Back in the early 40s. In the 20th century, the concept of “Health” was given the following definition: “A person who is distinguished by harmonious development and is well adapted to the physical and social environment around him can be considered healthy. Health does not simply mean the absence of disease: it is something positive, it is a cheerful and willing fulfillment of the duties that life imposes on a person.” (G. Sigerist).

Perhaps that is why the school to this day continues to place a certain range of responsibilities on the shoulders of students, expecting them to be cheerfully and willingly fulfilled. And in response, we see that the motivation to study among modern schoolchildren is decreasing every year. Is this because too little attention is paid to the physical health of the student?

Despite some attempts to improve the current situation, the overall situation in Russia is not improving. In recent years, there has been a persistent trend towards deterioration in the health indicators of school-age children. Institute age physiology The Russian Academy of Education conducted research: what diseases are most typical for school age and what are the dynamics of their development.
The research was carried out in 540 schools in 29 regions of Russia. What are the results?
From the first to the eleventh grade, the number of children with diseases of the cardiovascular and digestive systems, organs of vision and hearing increases by 2 times, by 5 times - endocrine system. The rating assessment of chronic diseases showed that caries takes first place in the first class, and musculoskeletal disorders in the eleventh.
The state of child health in Russia, from the last century to the present day, is of great concern.

To find out what the health situation is with students at our school, what are the possible causes of diseases and how to improve the current situation, we conducted research.

Purpose of the work: to study the health status of students at Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 2 and the factors influencing it, to develop recommendations for improving their health status.

The work is structured in accordance with the tasks that the author sets for himself

1. Study and analyze the literature on the topic: the state of health of schoolchildren in Russia, in the Amur region
2. Consult with a doctor at the Central District Hospital about the health status of schoolchildren in the Oktyabrsky district
3. Analyze the results of medical examination of students of Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 2
4. Consult with the school nurse about the health status of school students
5. Identify possible causes of deteriorating health among schoolchildren
6. Explore factors influencing student health
7. Conduct a survey among students to identify self-assessment of factors affecting health
8. Based on the results obtained, draw conclusions and develop recommendations for improving the health status of schoolchildren

Hypothesis: Educational activities pose a risk to the health of schoolchildren. Students at school not only receive knowledge, but also a number of diseases associated with the physical and psychological state of the child’s body.

Fundamental Question: Is our school harmful to student health?

Working methods

1. Survey
2. Questionnaire
3. Statistical processing
4. Analysis of results

1. Diseases of schoolchildren in the Amur region and Oktyabrsky district

The success of schooling is determined by the level of health.As studies in the Amur region show, the list of diseases that a child acquires already at the time of graduation primary school, looks like this: in the first place is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, this contributes to increased fatigue of the child and his irritability; in second place - caries, in third - decreased visual acuity (myopia), in fourth place - impaired posture of the child.

After consulting with the doctor of the children's central district hospital Abramich S.A., we were able to find out that among the most common diseases of schoolchildren identified as a result of medical examinations and outpatient appointments are the following:

1. enlarged thyroid gland
2. caries
3. poor posture, flat feet
4. decreased visual acuity
5. ARVI (seasonal)

1. Results of a medical examination at Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 2

Medical examination of students of Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 2 (10/13/2010-10/21/2010) was carried out the following doctors: surgeon, ophthalmologist, ENT specialist, neurologist, psychiatrist.

The most common diseases of students of Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 2, according to the results of a medical examination, are: enlarged thyroid gland 298 students, 82% of the total number of students, dental caries 142 students, 39%; ARVI 56 students, 15%; 14 students are overweight, 4%.

Compared to the results of last year’s clinical examination, new diseases appeared:

1. ovarian cyst
2. leg shortening
3. chronic osteomyelitis

14 people are underweight;

14 people are overweight;

9 people are obese;

The number of students suffering from diseases has increased:

1. enlargement of the thyroid gland – by 129 people
2. caries – for 44 people
3. ARVI – for 40 people
4. obesity – for 5 people
5. flat feet – for 7 people
6. sinusitis – for 5 people

The number of patients with enuresis decreased by 2 people.

1. Analysis results medical records students

According to student medical records provided by the school nurse, students have the following chronic diseases.

Table No. 1

	Class	number and names of students
		diseases of the cardiovascular system	musculoskeletal system	diseases nervous system	respiratory system	hearing organs	vision	allergy	Kidney diseases
	11A
	11B
	11V
Total studies

The table shows that the most common chronic diseases are: diseases of the respiratory system, musculoskeletal system and visual organs.

Table No. 2

Class	Health group
11A
11B
11V
Total studies

Healthy school students make up only 6% of the total number of school students (health group 1), 88% belong to health group 2, 5% of students have health group 3.

1. Possible causes of diseases in schoolchildren

Among the possible causes of illness in schoolchildren, the Teacher's Newspaper highlights the following.

First, school risk factors are surprisingly tenacious and difficult to cope with. The problem did not arise today; experts started talking about school diseases back in 1774. The health of children in Russia could never be called prosperous, and today the state of children's health does not give any reason for reassurance.

Secondly, the school and the state at the beginning of the last century took responsibility for the health of children, thereby removing this responsibility from parents and society; it was the school that was supposed to ensure a healthy lifestyle. But this is impossible, because First of all, this is a problem of society. Unfortunately, the situation has changed little in 100 years, and there is no awareness of the value of health either in our society or in the family. Therefore, the school cannot and should not solve this problem alone, although it can do a lot.

Thirdly, the existing education system in Russia, traditional Russian system education is a huge knowledge system consisting of large number Sci. Even 130 years ago, K. D. Ushinsky wrote: “There is no teacher now who would not complain about the small number of hours at school.” For 100 years, teaching methods, technologies and organization of the educational process have no longer corresponded to functionality child. Parents and society themselves overload their children. The demands of school are becoming more and more stringent, and the child, due to limited functional capabilities, cannot cope with these requirements.

In our work, we investigated the following factors influencing the health status of students.

1. The influence of socio-economic factors on the health of students

The result of the occurrence of certain diseases is the active adverse impact of socio-economic factors of living in a family.

Having studied the school’s social passport, we calculated the number of students with unfavorable socio-economic living conditions and consulted with a nurse from Secondary School No. 2, who provided data from the cards on the health status of these students. The results were as follows.

Tab. No. 3

Socio-economic conditions in the family	Number of students per school	Of them are healthy
From single-parent families
From large families
From dysfunctional, socially dangerous families
Children at risk
Those registered with the PDN
Registered with the KDN
Those under guardianship, under guardianship

Thus, a certain number of students come to school with an existing risk of developing certain diseases.

2. The influence of organizational and pedagogical factors on the health status of schoolchildren

According to a review of the sources we studied, the deplorable state of children’s health is the result of a number of organizational and pedagogical factors such as:

Failure to comply with the conditions for organizing the educational process - the state of the microclimate and interior of the students’ locations;

Inconsistency of teaching technologies with the functional and age characteristics of students;

Excessive intensification of the educational process (increasing the pace and volume of the teaching load);

Lack of awareness of teachers in matters of child development and health;

Insufficient literacy of parents in matters of formation, preservation and strengthening of children's health;

Insufficient physical activity of schoolchildren;

2.1. Conditions for organizing the educational process

Back in the early 19th century. As a result of the first studies, a close relationship was established between the occurrence of so-called “school” diseases in children (myopia, poor posture, etc.) and conditions at school.

Human health is largely determined by the state of learning conditions, microclimate and interior of its location. Optimization of this environment is achieved through light, color comfort, air conditions, etc.

As a result of a survey of students and teachers about the level of illumination, compliance with air conditions, sanitary and hygienic standards, the correspondence of school furniture to the age of students, and visual comfort in classrooms, the following conclusions were made.

According to the students and teachers of the school, sanitary and hygienic standards are observed at the school, daily wet cleaning of school premises is carried out twice every shift, and general cleaning is carried out at least twice a month.

During the heating season, there is a violation of the air regime. Rooms No. 16, 5,6,7,8,10,11,12 are very stuffy; all rooms are ventilated during breaks and lessons. Perhaps this is one of the reasons for frequent ARVI among schoolchildren.

School furniture in the classrooms is appropriate for the age of the students. But due to the insufficient number of classrooms, some lessons in middle and high school classes are held in elementary school classrooms.

Rooms No. 3, 9, 14 are said to be the worst lit compared to all others.

Students and teachers of the school consider all classrooms to be visually comfortable.

We can conclude that the learning conditions are not ideal and their shortcomings determine the development of the most common diseases in secondary school No. 2, such as poor posture, myopia, and frequent acute respiratory viral infections.

How much does the backpack weigh?

A heavy academic load often literally becomes a heavy burden for schoolchildren, whose backpacks are only fit for adults. It is not surprising that first-graders’ briefcases are carried by mom or dad when they are escorted to school. Although for the same reasons sanitary rules this load of knowledge together with the backpack should weigh no more than 1.5 kg. For schoolchildren primary classes The backpack weighs 2 kg heavier than expected. Sixth graders carry 6.4 kg worth of textbooks - much more more than normal. But the graduates, wise school life, go to lessons lightly - with 1-2 kg of educational load.

This leads to problems with musculoskeletal disorders.

How do Russian schoolchildren eat?

The era of fast food and empty calories has brought digestive diseases to second place in their prevalence. Almost every tenth child (9%) of all patients has gastritis, duodenitis, and other diseases of the digestive system. One reason is that fewer and fewer children are eating nutritious meals at school. hot food. Unfortunately, only primary school students whose lunches are paid for from the local budget are guaranteed to receive it. Older children do not go hungry - they eat at the buffet, but only 20% of high school students have hot meals, which are so necessary for a growing body.
Hygienists believe that children suffer from “hidden hunger,” when, with a normal calorie diet, the child’s body does not receive enough essential amino acids, microelements, and vitamins. Therefore, the school buffet simply should not contain foods containing empty calories.

2.2. Intensification of the educational process

The intensification of the educational process, which negatively affects the health of children, is manifested in the following: individual educational programs are overloaded with mandatory educational material.

However, the success of learning and the child’s comfort depend not so much on the development of knowledge and skills, but on the development of the qualities necessary for learning (independence, perseverance, the ability to complete a task, etc.);

The requirements that many schools impose on applicants force parents and the student himself to speed up the study of material in school subjects (this picture is observed not only when entering primary school, but also to primary and secondary schools). A serious problem that concerns high school students (especially graduating students) is the lack of continuity between higher and secondary schools: universities significantly increase the requirements for applicants, which forces parents to hire tutors and increase the time their children study. This leads to persistent fatigue, neuroses and the occurrence of chronic diseases;

Teaching methods aimed at artificially intensifying the learning process, increasing the pace of reading, writing, etc., inhibit the development of basic skills in a child, leading to emotional breakdowns and early neuroses. It is no coincidence that doctors today are recording a new disease - time limit stress. One of the reasons causing a negative attitude towards educational activities and its failure is the authoritarian style of relationship between the teacher and students, especially when assessing knowledge.

The last 10 years for school education were long period changes: lyceums, gymnasiums, specialized classes appeared, many schools introduced innovative training programs. More and more new, necessary and interesting items are being introduced. The workload increases many times over, and children’s ability to absorb knowledge does not change so rapidly. Constant overexertion, fatigue, and lack of sleep lead to neuroses - another school disease.

There is no doubt that students spend most of their time at school under stress. For example, a D written in red ink is equivalent to a heart attack. Neurologists think so.
We can only be glad that older people do not go to school. No matter how perfect the teaching method is and no matter how often it is introduced into the child preventive vaccinations, his condition largely depends on the school environment.

According to the results of a survey of students of Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 2 to identify signs of diseases of the nervous system, an increase is observed from elementary school to high school.

Table No. 4

Signs of nervous system diseases appear.	Primary School	Middle management	Senior grades (9A,B,C, 11A,B,C)
Unreasonable headaches, with excitement, after going to school.
Weakness, fatigue after exercise.
Dizziness, instability when changing body position
Obsessive movements (tugging at clothes, biting nails, stuttering, etc.)

2.3. Insufficient physical activity of schoolchildren

A necessary condition for the harmonious development of a student’s personality is sufficient physical activity. In recent years, due to the high academic load at school and at home and other reasons, most schoolchildren have insufficient physical activity, causing the appearance of hypokinesia, which can cause a number of serious changes in the body of a schoolchild.

Research by hygienists shows that up to 82–85% of the daytime, most students are in a static position (sitting). Even among younger schoolchildren, voluntary motor activity (walking, games) occupies only 16–19% of the day, of which only 1–3% falls on organized forms of physical education. When children enter school, their overall physical activity drops by almost 50%, decreasing from junior to senior grades. It has been established that physical activity in grades 9-10 is less than in grades 6-7; girls take fewer steps per day than boys; physical activity on Sundays is greater than on school days. A change in the amount of physical activity was noted in different academic quarters. Physical activity of schoolchildren is especially low in winter; in spring and autumn it increases.

The physical activity of a schoolchild at Secondary School No. 2 consists mainly of outdoor games during school breaks, physical education lessons, classes in clubs and sports sections, walks before bedtime and active recreation on weekends.

Pupils at our school are not physically active enough. Their physical activity is reduced mainly to 2 hours of physical education classes at school.

On average at school, only 23% of students play additional sports, attend sections, sports clubs and dance clubs.

1A grade – 8% of students; 1B – 47%; 2A – 34%; 2B – 0%; 3A – 21%; 3B – 8%; 4A – 43%; 4B – 13%; 5A – 0%; 5B – 42%; 5B – 32%; 6A – 37%; 6B – 8%; 7A – 28%; 7B – 48%; 8A – 40%; 8B - 4%; 9A – 21%; 9B – 40%; 9B – 25%; 11A – 31%; 11B – 13%; 11B – 12%;

Schoolchildren not only have to limit their natural physical activity, but also long time maintain an uncomfortable static posture while sitting at a desk or study table.

A low-moving position at a desk or desk affects the functioning of many systems of the student’s body, especially the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. When sitting for a long time, breathing becomes less deep, metabolism decreases, blood stagnates in the lower extremities, which leads to a decrease in the performance of the entire body and especially the brain: attention decreases, memory weakens, coordination of movements is impaired, and the time of mental operations increases.

The negative consequences of hypokinesia also manifest themselves in the young body’s resistance to “colds and infectious diseases”; prerequisites are created for the formation of a weak, untrained heart and the associated further development of insufficiency of the cardiovascular system. Hypokinesia due to excessive nutrition with a large excess of carbohydrates and fats in daily diet may lead to obesity.

Sedentary children have very weak muscles. They are unable to support the body correct position, they develop poor posture and stoop.

V. Schoolchildren’s self-assessment of risk factors for health deterioration

Among students in grades 4-11, we conducted a test questionnaire for schoolchildren’s self-assessment of risk factors for deterioration in health according to the method of N.K. Smirnova. Analysis of the questionnaire showed the following results.

Questions 1-3 describe habits associated with the risk of musculoskeletal diseases: 42.5% of students are at risk; 54% are not affected.

From 4-6 questions concern the risk associated with insufficient or excessive physical activity: 25% of students are at risk; 75% are not affected.

4. I feel like I don’t move enough (not enough). a) yes-44 hours (20%); b) no-191 hours (80%);

5. I do not do recreational gymnastics (physical exercises, participation in sports sections). a) yes-66 hours (39%); b) no-136 hours (61%);

6. I do weightlifting/I have to lift weights.

a) yes-78 hours (33%); b) no-150 hours (67%);

Question 7 refers to the risks associated with poor diet.

7. I eat irregularly, haphazardly. a) yes.(37%); b) no (63%);

Question 8 refers to the risk associated with visual impairment: 33% of students are at risk; 67% - no.

To question 9 of the survey, 77% of students answered that they care about their health, 23% do not.

For question 10, the results are as follows: 28% have bad habits; 80% - do not.

From 11-12 questions cover the impact of school on children's health.

11. Does school help you take care of your health?

A) yes-98 hours (43%); b) no29%); c) difficult to answer - 60 hours (27%).

12. How do you think teachers influence your health?

a) take care of my health - 55 hours (25%); b) cause harm to health by the methods of their teaching - 25 hours (13%); c) set a good example - 44 hours (23%); d) set a bad example - 3 hours (1%); e) teach how to take care of health - 51 hours (24%); f) they don’t care about my health - 30 hours (14%).

Question 13 concerns the intensification of the educational process in the classroom.

13. What states are most typical for you in the classroom?

a) indifference - 11 hours (5%); b) interest - 101 hours (45%); c) fatigue - 40 hours (18%); d) concentration - 29 hours (13%); e) excitement; anxiety-21h (9%); e) something else - 19:00 (8%).

1. Conclusion

Based on the results of our work, we can draw the following conclusions.

As we expected, educational activities really poses a health hazard. This is proven by the organizational and pedagogical factors listed above that negatively affect health, which take place in our school.

But many students consider school and teachers to be their ally, who helps them take care of their health; most students, in their opinion, take care of their health, although some facts contradict this. Such as refusal of hot meals, additional physical education classes. The learning conditions at school also have some disadvantages, such as two shifts, violation of air regulations and others.

Thus, the answer to the fundamental question is as follows: modern school is still harmful to the health of the child, but at the same time it is concerned about health problems. Many students note the fact that the school and teachers help them take care of their health.

Having studied the health status of students at our school and the possible causes of diseases, we offer recommendations for improving the current situation.

Unfortunately, knowledge of the standards and requirements for the organization of education does not yet mean a real solution to the problem of preserving the health of schoolchildren.

Thus, the goal should not be to state facts, but to search for possible ways to solve the problem.

We offer following paths changes in the current situation

1. Unloading students in a modern Russian school should be associated not only with updating the content of education, but also with the introduction of new technologies in the educational process. Overload occurs due to the fact that today's teaching methods do not correspond to the age and individual capabilities of children. Every student learns by strength own capabilities and therefore has a chance to be evaluated on an equal basis with others. Inclusion of each student in activities corresponding to his zone of proximal development.

That is why it is important to scientifically develop and use health-preserving technologies in practice in every school in our district, ensuring a reduction in the proportion of theoretical knowledge in favor of the practical activities of children and taking into account the educational needs of each student.

Each teacher needs to take into account the individual pace of learning and create conditions that ensure the psychological well-being and success of each child.

Today, the teacher forces schoolchildren to memorize educational material (rules, definitions, texts, etc.).
The experience of observations, excursions, work in a corner of nature, etc. has been wrongfully forgotten.

1. The school cannot and should not solve the problem of schoolchildren’s health alone, although it can do a lot.

The Central District Hospital needs to carry out educational work in cooperation with schools in the region. Conduct lectures for parents and children on parent meetings And classroom hours about methods of preventing the most common diseases of school students.

3. It is necessary to create a group in each school, which would include teachers, students and parents, and which would conduct an annual check and limit excessive stress on the student’s health. These are sanitary norms and rules “Hygienic requirements for the learning conditions of schoolchildren in various types of modern educational institutions", which regulate the teaching load.

3. The only way to neutralize the negative phenomenon that occurs in schoolchildren during prolonged and intense mental work is active rest from school and organized physical activity.

It is necessary to continue working to involve students in sports sections. Organize the work of sections in each school in the district.

Physical education teachers should develop a system of physical therapy exercises to prevent the development of the most common diseases in students. Organize an exercise therapy section.

To avoid the problem of poor posture, we recommend taking measures to reduce the weight of the student’s schoolbag. To do this, district schools should purchase a second set of textbooks for classes at school or allow students to carry one textbook on their desk. An examination of textbooks is carried out annually on the all-Russian website. It is necessary to go to a website with recommendations to produce textbooks with flexible covers, and divide large publications into several volumes in order to reduce the weight of the textbook.

At the district level, it is necessary to carry out work to improve the socio-economic conditions of family living. Create jobs for low-income parents.

In conclusion, let us remember that the definition adopted World Organization Health Policy (WHO) states: “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not the absence of disease or infirmity.”

Based on the definition, the following conclusions can be drawn: the school is not able to eliminate certain diseases of schoolchildren or their physical defects. But the school and society must ensure the physical, mental and social well-being of children.

“School is a second home! Children should be happy to go to school (and not only because they are given knowledge there)! They should feel at home!”

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Bobyr. A. Take care of your back. // Modernization: a step into the future: supplement to the Teacher's newspaper. - Issue No. 2, p. 17
2. Davidenko.D., Petlenko. V. et al. Basics of a healthy image. // “OBZh” No. 3, p. 56
3. Hygienic assessment of schoolchildren's learning conditions. / Comp.: N.V.

Anisimov, E.A. Karashvili. – M.: TC Sfera, 2002.

1. Egorov. D. A fat two is equivalent to a heart attack. //

Modernization: a step into the future: supplement to the Teacher's newspaper.-

Issue No. 2, p. 15

1. Maslikova. T. In a state of time pressure // Modernization: a step into the future: supplement to the Teacher's newspaper. - Issue No. 2, p. 15
2. Modern technologies for improving the health of children and adolescents in educational institutions: a manual for doctors./ Comp. Kuchma V.R.,

Sukhareva L.M. et al.-M., 2002

1. Armless. M.Children's health and school risk factors. – www.ruscenter.ru
2. Nikolaev. N. Content and technology of school education and student health. – www.ruscenter.ru
3. www.breath.ru/education.html
4. www.sport.iatp.org.ua/

Computer science teacher MBOU Secondary School No. 18

Ovcharenko Irina Vladimirovna

Computer science lessons and health

Introduction.

The main wealth of a person is health. Attention to health issues has increased markedly in recent years. Attention to the health of schoolchildren has naturally increased. Official statistics are frightening in their inevitability. Only 10% of children remain healthy by the end of school. The school's task is to preserve and strengthen the health of its students. A concept that has emerged in recent yearshealth-saving technologiesinvolves the consolidation of all school efforts aimed at preserving, developing and strengthening the health of students.

Nowadays, computers have penetrated so deeply into all areas of our lives that it is difficult to imagine life without this smart machine. Our children were born and are growing up in a world where a computer is as common a thing as televisions, cars, and electric lighting. Psychologists note that working with a computer develops attention, logical and abstract thinking. The computer also has a good effect on the creative abilities of children, and the ability to use the Internet can become a good school of communication and skills in searching and selecting information.The use of computer technology can increase student interest, as well as improve the quality of perception of the material. Using a computer to test students provides an opportunity to take a break from the ballpoint pen and stretch your fingers.

Studying the subject of computer science involves the use of a computer, communicating with which can cause much more harm to the health of a growing organism than in a regular lesson. With the use of modern information and communication technologies, the load on the student’s body increases and gives rise to the severity of health problems.

Harmful factors, influencing the health of schoolchildren in computer science lessons.

The first and most important factor is the load on vision. It is because of the strain on vision that students develop headaches and dizziness after a short time. If you work on a computer for long enough, visual fatigue can lead to a steady decrease in visual acuity. If handled correctly, the strain on vision from a computer can be significantly reduced.

Firstly, they are harmfulimage twitching due to low vertical refresh rate or poor scan quality of the monitor.

The second most important factor in eye fatigue isimage content . We list the image options in ascending order from the least harmful to the most harmful:

The easiest way for the eye to perceive is a static, large color image accompanied by sound. Therefore, it is quite safe for the eyes of a child or an adult to look at pictures or photographs accompanied by narrated text.

Drawing on a computer is perceived worse. Here sound no longer plays a distracting role, and the eye does all the work.

It is much more difficult for vision when a child is forced to read text from the screen. Therefore, the Internet is quite a dangerous thing, because here you have to read a lot, and read quickly.

The real killers of the eyes are the moving image, small elements - all this leads to such overwork, which takes a long time to be removed.

The second most harmful factor affecting health when working with a computer is a cramped posture. Sitting at a computer, the student must look at the screen from a certain distance and at the same time keep his hands on the keyboard or controls. This forces his body to take a certain position and not change it until the end of the work. The following disorders occur due to a cramped posture:

Labored breathing. This is the most insidious of all enemies. The elbows brought forward do not allow the chest to move freely, and this leads to asthma, the development of coughing attacks and other manifestations.

Pain in the muscles of the back, neck and headaches . The human body is not designed to spend long hours in a fixed position. Long periods of immobility reduce blood flow to the muscles, which leads to a buildup of waste products that irritate the nerves of the muscles involved. If this congestion occurs in the muscles of the shoulders, back or neck, headaches may occur as the muscles transmit “discomfort signals” to the nerves of the sensitive tissues of the face, head and scalp.

Osteochondrosis. When sitting for a long time with drooping shoulders, a permanent change occurs musculoskeletal system. Sometimes curvature of the spine occurs.

Diseases of the joints of the hands. This Occupational Illness, which previously persecuted typists in editorial offices, and now computer operators. When working at a computer, a person’s hand is forced to make many small movements, it becomes very tired, and with prolonged work, chronic diseases develop.

To reduce the harmful effects of a cramped posture,should sit as close as possible comfortable position in the most comfortable chair. Your back should remain level, your feet should be firmly planted on the floor, and your head should be kept level and not jutted forward like a turtle peeking out of its shell. Additionally, your chair should be firm but provide adequate lumbar support. Therefore, the most important thing in reducing the load is properly selected furniture. Both tables, chairs, and other accessories must be specialized, and selected specifically for children.

A good chair takes half the load off. A special operator's chair on casters, with an adjustable back, without armrests and rotating around its axis allows the child to change his position while working. Children fidget with pleasure in such chairs, which means their chest and spine are working. The gas cartridge makes it possible to adjust the height strictly individually, and this also relieves fatigue.

Tableshould only be specialized, with a special sliding board for the keyboard. The fact is that when a schoolchild writes, draws, works with a mouse or plays, he needs a high table. For typing, the keyboard should be located 7-10 cm lower. The retractable board allows you to meet all the requirements, and also forces the child to periodically change his position.

Projection equipmentin class - it’s also not a whim. If, when working in a lesson, you give a task through individual workplace, then the load increases. Using a demo projector or TV reduces the load.

The third most important factor is mental stress. The computer requires no less concentration than driving a car. Interesting work requires enormous stress, which practically does not happen under normal conditions. This area is very little studied, since modern multimedia technology has only recently appeared.

Children quickly adapt to the world of computers, and this is reflected in emotional sphere, increased aggression occurs. Students stop fantasizing, become unable to create their own images, and have difficulty summarizing and analyzing information. The computer can cause long-term disorders in the mental and intellectual development of children. The so-called computer generation has worse performance of some types of memory, emotional immaturity, and irresponsibility.

And yet you can reduce the mental load.

Firstly, at workyou should take breaks. The teacher must monitor this during the lesson. Every 30 minutes - a break for 15 minutes. During the break, you need to do exercises for vision and relaxation.

Secondly,you should carefully monitor the content of the workwhat the student does, what he programs, and what sites he visits. Although the idea has taken root in the public consciousness that the most harmful thing about a computer is radiation, in fact the impact on a child’s psyche can be much more serious.

Radiation from computer monitor- this is an eternal scarecrow. Modern monitors have outstanding safety measures in place. In particular, the monitor practically does not produce the radiation that is actually called radiation (gamma rays and neutrons). There are no devices with such high energy. The system unit also emits practically nothing. The monitor emits negligible intensity x-ray radiation(ionizing radiation), which is 2-3 times less than the natural background radiation. At this level of radiation, the video display terminal (monitor) does not pose any danger to human health

Other types of radiation are harmful to humans:

Constant high intensity electrostatic field. The cathode ray tube of a kinescope has a potential of about 20,000 volts (100 times the mains voltage). The constant electrostatic field created by the potential operates at a distance of up to half a meter from the screen (and there the user is located). The potential in itself is not terrible, but this potential is created between the display screen and the operator’s face, and accelerates the dust particles deposited on the screen to enormous speeds. And these specks of dust, like bullets, cut into the skin of the one sitting in front of the screen. This constant electrostatic field can be harmful for eye and skin diseases. A truly constant electrostatic field can be determined if you bring a piece of thin paper or hair to the monitor screen and they will be attracted to the screen.

To protect against a constant electrostatic field (it does not protect against other fields), filters were previously used in the form of an additional screen attached to the monitor screen. Cheap Chinese filters are ineffective - they can even amplify radiation. The filter works - as long as it is grounded - to "drain" static electricity charges. If a piece of thin paper or hair is attracted to the surface of the filter, then it is not protecting you. Most often this happens, since proper grounding of the filter is difficult to ensure. If you have a modern monitor, then don’t even think about installing a filter. Modern monitors are designed in such a way that they have high contrast when exposed to external illumination, and the use of a protective filter neutralizes this advantage. The filter on a modern monitor will more harm than good.

If there is a LR (Low Radiation) marking on the computer monitor, it should indicate a low voltage at the anode. This labeling does not address mitigation of other emissions. In addition, it can be a fake, especially if it is glued to a panel rather than engraved or with high-quality paint.

You can combat this factor by reducing the amount of dust in the room.In particular, in computer classes, the use of chalk is extremely undesirable, since the chalk gradually transfers from the board to the children’s faces by being dispersed by static fields. Please note - a good computer class is equipped with a whiteboard and air conditioning. These devices reduce the amount of dust in the room. As well as ventilation during breaks and wet cleaning at the end school day. The easiest way to fight iswash your face after working on the computer cold water.

High frequency electromagnetic fields, andx impact is comparable to radiation, but, fortunately, they decrease very quickly with distance, are simply shielded and controlled. Their main source is the deflecting electromagnetic system of the kinescope. In modern monitors, all radiation is directed upward and partially back. Nothing is emitted forward. Therefore, in schools, computers are placed along the walls so that students cannot be near their back walls. But leaning over the monitor to look at it from above is not recommended.

Low-frequency electromagnetic radiation has not yet been considered harmful because it is lower from a computer than from, say, an electric iron. However, according to PC Week, the interaction between a monitor's own fields and external electromagnetic fields can cause interference, causing the image on the screen to flicker, causing blurred vision and headaches. Radical ways to combat this phenomenon have not yet been found.

Health-saving technologies in computer science lessons.

The goal of health conservation in an informatics lesson is: the creation of organizational, pedagogical, material, technical, sanitary and hygienic conditions that take into account the individual indicators of the students’ condition, as well as the creation of meaningful support for propaganda work to introduce the younger generation to a healthy lifestyle.

The concept of health-preserving technology is too broad, let us consider the organization of the student’s workplace, as well as the methods and techniques of teaching, by implementing which we can create conditions for maximum conservation of the child’s health.

First of all, these are working conditions and compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards. It is very important to comply temperature regime, properly decorate the office, choose comfortable furniture.

Requirements for equipment and maintenance of computer science classrooms.

1. The microclimate in the ICT room must meet the following parameters:

Temperature 0 WITH

Relative humidity

Absolute humidity

19 0 WITH

20 0 WITH

21 0 WITH

Computer classes need to be ventilated frequently, so my class is ventilated 3 times a day: at 7 40 , 10 25 and 13 50 .

2 Planted houseplants with wide leaves that absorb carbon dioxide to a greater extent.

3 For one workstation with a computer there is 6 m 2 classroom area.

4 The arrangement of student workplaces in the computer science classroom ensures electrical safety and safety from exposure to electromagnetic fields, free access for students and the teacher’s approach to each workplace during the lesson.

5 The lighting is bright, but without glare. There are blinds on the windows. (Illumination standard for a computer science classroom is 300-500 lux)

6 In classes using computers, special work chairs are used.

7. The workplace for working on a PC complies with the following standards:

two-level desktop surface (width 520-760mm - first, and depth 550 mm - second), without drawers.

8. Duration of continuous use technical means in a computer science lesson the following:

classes

View on board

Dynamic images

Listening to an audio recording

Work on PC and keyboard

1-2

3-4

5-7

8-11

Thus, strict adherence to sanitary and hygienic learning conditions largely prevents the influence unfavorable factors educational process on the health of children and adolescents.

Secondly, to relieve visual stress while working at a computer, students are recommended to do eye exercises at the first symptoms of eye fatigue. Each desk contains instructions and a diagram for relieving eye fatigue. And physical exercises are used to relieve stress on the spine. Use toa computer rest for the hands, or rather the forearms, as well as an armrest for the mouse.

Exercises for the eyes.

Close your eyes, relax your forehead muscles. Slowly, with tension, move the eyeballs to the extreme left position, after 1-2 s also move your gaze to the right. Do this 10 times. Make sure that your eyelids do not tremble. Don't squint. Effect: relaxation and strengthening of the eye muscles, relief from eye pain.

Blink for 1-2 minutes.

With tension, close one eye and the other for 3-5 seconds.

Close your eyes tightly several times for 10 seconds.

Within 10 seconds, change the direction of your gaze: straight, right, left, up, down.

Hand exercises.

While sitting or standing, place your hands in front of your face. Palms facing out, fingers straight. Tighten your palms and wrists. Make fists with your fingers, quickly bending them one after the other (start with the little fingers). Thumbs will be on top. Turn your tightly clenched fists so that they “look” at each other. Movement is only in the wrists, the elbows are not mobile. Unclench your fists, relax your hands. Do the exercise a few more times. Effect: relieves tension in the hands and wrists.

While sitting or standing, lower your arms along your body. Relax them. Take a deep breath and slowly exhale for 10-15 seconds and lightly shake your hands. Do this several times. Effect: relief from hand fatigue.

Exercise for the torso.

Stand straight, legs slightly apart. Raise your arms up, rise on your toes and stretch. Lower yourself, arms along your body, relax. Do this 3-5 times. Effect: muscle relaxation, spine straightening, improved blood circulation.

Physical education in a playful way.

They quickly stood up, smiled,

They pulled themselves higher and higher.

Well, straighten your shoulders,

Raise, lower.

Turn right, turn left,

Touch your hands with your knees.

They sat down, stood up, sat down, stood up,

And they ran on the spot.

» COMPUTER: harmful factors to health

COMPUTER: harmful factors to health and how to reduce them

1. Eye strain

The first and most important factor is the load on vision. It is because of the strain on vision that a child (or another user) experiences headaches and dizziness over a short period of time. If you work on a computer for long enough, visual fatigue can lead to a steady decrease in visual acuity. However, we note right away that the computer is not the main reason for the development of myopia in a child. Heredity, television, and reading in the dark play a huge role in this. If handled correctly, the strain on vision from a computer can be significantly reduced.

1.1. Firstly, they are harmful image twitching due to low vertical refresh rate or poor scan quality of the monitor.

1.2. The second most important factor in eye fatigue is image content. We list the image options in ascending order from the least harmful to the most harmful:

1.2.1. The easiest way for the eye to perceive is a static, large color image accompanied by sound. Therefore, it is quite safe for the eyes of a child or an adult to look at pictures or photographs accompanied by narrated text.

1.2.2. Drawing on a computer is perceived worse. Here sound no longer plays a distracting role, and the eye does all the work.

1.2.3. It is much more difficult for vision when a child (user) is forced to read text from the screen. Therefore, the Internet is quite a dangerous thing, because here you have to read a lot, and read quickly.

1.2.4. And finally, the real eye killers are games. A moving image, small elements - all this leads to such overwork, which is removed very slowly.

Grand total.

How dangerous is a computer to your eyesight? When comparing it with a TV, you should remember that the display resolution and its quality are many times higher than the quality of a television tube. However, the display tends to be closer. And yet we can assume that the eye strain from a monitor is slightly lower than from a TV. Therefore, the time spent at the computer and the time spent in front of the TV should be summed up.

2. Constricted posture

The second most harmful factor affecting health when working with a computer is a cramped posture. When sitting at a computer, a child (or adult) must look at the screen from a certain distance and at the same time keep his hands on the keyboard or controls. This forces his body to take a certain position and not change it until the end of the work. In this regard, a computer is much more dangerous than a TV, which allows you to move freely. The following disorders occur due to a cramped posture:

2.1.Difficulty breathing. This is the most insidious of all enemies. The elbows brought forward do not allow the chest to move freely, and this leads to asthma, the development of coughing attacks and other manifestations.

2.2. Pain in the muscles of the back, neck and headaches. The human body is not designed to spend long hours in a fixed position. Long periods of immobility reduce blood flow to the muscles, which leads to a buildup of waste products that irritate the nerves of the muscles involved. If this congestion occurs in the muscles of the shoulders, back or neck, headaches may occur as the muscles transmit "discomfort signals" to the nerves of the sensitive tissues of the face, head and scalp.

2.3. Osteochondrosis. When sitting for a long time with drooping shoulders, a permanent change in the musculoskeletal system occurs. Sometimes curvature of the spine occurs.

2.4.Diseases of the joints of the hands. This is an occupational disease that previously plagued typists in editorial offices and now plagues computer operators. When working at a computer, a person’s hand is forced to make many small movements, it becomes very tired, and with prolonged work, chronic diseases develop.

How to help reduce the harmful effects of a cramped posture.

You should sit in the most comfortable position in the most comfortable chair. Your back should remain level, your feet should be firmly planted on the floor, and your head should be kept level and not jutted forward like a turtle peeking out of its shell. Additionally, your chair should be firm but provide adequate lumbar support. Therefore, the most important thing in reducing the load is properly selected furniture. Both tables, chairs, and other accessories must be specialized, and selected specifically for children.

Chair. A good chair takes half the load off. A special operator's chair on casters, with an adjustable back, without armrests and rotating around its axis allows the child to change his position while working. Children fidget with pleasure in such chairs, which means their chest and spine are working. The gas cartridge makes it possible to adjust the height strictly individually, and this also relieves fatigue.

Table should only be specialized, with a special sliding board for the keyboard. The fact is that when a child writes, draws, works with a mouse or plays, he needs a high table. For typing, the keyboard should be located 7-10 cm lower. The retractable board allows you to meet all the requirements, and also forces the child to periodically change his position.

Projection equipment in class - it’s also not a whim. If, when working in a lesson, you give tasks through an individual workstation, then the load increases. Using a demo projector or TV reduces the load.

3. Mental stress

The third most important factor is mental stress. The computer requires no less concentration than driving a car. Interesting games require enormous tension, which practically does not happen under normal conditions. This area is very little studied, since modern multimedia technology has only recently appeared. And yet you can reduce the mental load.

Firstly, at work you should take breaks. During the lesson, the teacher monitors this; at home, you should set a timer on your computer, for example, from the Norton Utility package. Every 30 minutes - a break of 15 minutes, for an adult - 10 minutes. During the break, you need to do the vision and relaxation exercises described at the very end of the recommendations.

Secondly, you should carefully monitor the content of the games, which the child plays, what he programs, and what sites he visits. Although the idea has taken root in the public consciousness that the most harmful thing about a computer is radiation, in fact the impact on a child’s psyche can be much more serious.

4. Radiation

4.1. Radiation from a computer monitor- this is the eternal scarecrow of all parents. In fact, as you have seen from the above, other factors are much more real in terms of harmfulness. Modern monitors have outstanding safety measures in place. In particular, the monitor practically does not produce the radiation that is actually called radiation (gamma rays and neutrons). There are no devices with such high energy. The system unit also emits practically nothing. The monitor emits low-intensity x-ray radiation (ionizing radiation), which is 2-3 times less than the natural background radiation. At this level of radiation, the video display terminal (monitor) does not pose any danger to human health

Other types of radiation are harmful to humans:

4.2. Constant electrostatic field of high intensity. The cathode ray tube of a kinescope has a potential of about 20,000 volts (100 times the mains voltage). The constant electrostatic field created by the potential operates at a distance of up to half a meter from the screen (and there the user is located). The potential in itself is not terrible, but this potential is created between the display screen and the operator’s face, and accelerates the dust particles deposited on the screen to enormous speeds. And these specks of dust, like bullets, cut into the skin of the one sitting in front of the screen. This constant electrostatic field can be harmful for eye and skin diseases. A truly constant electrostatic field can be determined if you bring a piece of thin paper or hair to the monitor screen and they will be attracted to the screen.

To protect against a constant electrostatic field (it does not protect against other fields), filters were previously used in the form of an additional screen attached to the monitor screen. Cheap Chinese filters are ineffective - they can even amplify radiation. The filter works - as long as it is grounded - to "drain" static electricity charges. If a piece of thin paper or hair is attracted to the surface of the filter, then it is not protecting you. Most often this happens, since proper grounding of the filter is difficult to ensure. If you have a modern monitor, then don’t even think about installing a filter. Modern monitors are designed in such a way that they have high contrast when exposed to external illumination, and the use of a protective filter neutralizes this advantage. A filter on a modern monitor will do more harm than good.

If there is a LR (Low Radiation) mark on your computer monitor, it should indicate a low voltage at the anode. This labeling does not apply to mitigation of other emissions. In addition, it can be a fake, especially if it is glued to a panel rather than applied with engraving or high-quality paint.

There are the following modern ways to combat this phenomenon:

Reducing the amount of dust in the room. In particular, in computer classes, the use of chalk is extremely undesirable, since the chalk gradually transfers from the board to the children’s faces by being dispersed by static fields. Please note - a good computer class is equipped with a marker board, air conditioning and a dust collector, and sometimes a “Chizhevsky Chandelier”. These devices reduce the amount of dust in the room, and the Chizhevsky Chandelier also suppresses static fields.

Well, the easiest way to fight is After working on the computer, wash your face with cold water.

4.3. High frequency electromagnetic fields. Their impact is comparable to radiation, but, fortunately, they decrease very quickly with distance and can be easily shielded and controlled. Their main source is the deflecting electromagnetic system of the kinescope. In modern monitors, all radiation is directed upward and partially back. Nothing is emitted forward. Therefore, in schools, computers are placed along the walls so that people cannot be near their back walls. But leaning over the monitor to look at it from above is not recommended.

4.4. Low frequency electromagnetic fields. Low-frequency electromagnetic radiation has not yet been considered harmful because it is lower from a computer than from, say, an electric iron. However, according to PC Week in February 2000, the interaction of a monitor's own fields and external electromagnetic fields can cause interference, causing the image on the screen to flicker, causing blurred vision and headaches. According to the magazine, radical ways to combat this phenomenon have not yet been found.

HOW TO PROTECT YOURSELF AND YOUR LOVED ONES FROM THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF THE MONITOR?

Take into account the characteristics of the monitor when purchasing it! It is advisable to purchase a monitor with the following characteristics: 1) the nonlinearity of horizontal and vertical scans should be no more than 1 percent. 2) the brightness of the cathode ray tube screen must be at least 100 cd/sq.m. 3) the change in brightness over the screen area is no more than 70 percent. 4) constant high-tension electrostatic field of no more than 500 V/m according to all standards. 5) High-intensity alternating electromagnetic field - no more than 10/1 V/m (MPR II - 25/2.5).

Note for specialist : The level of electric and magnetic fields is regulated by several international monitor safety standards - the softest - MPR II, medium - TCO 92, the most stringent - TCO 95. The MPR and TCO standards differ in that in MPR II the electromagnetic field intensity standards correspond to those in TCO, but they are measured not at 30 cm from the screen surface, but at 50 cm.

The safest monitor for your eyes is LCD monitor and LCD projector, followed by professional 15-inch monitors, 17-inch monitors and 14-inch monitors. The list is completed by outdated 14-inch monitors manufactured before 1997. Conventionally, the load on vision can be distributed as follows:

Outdated monitor
Modern 14 inch monitor
Modern 17 inch monitor
Modern 15-inch monitor (type View Sonic G655)
Color LCD monitor
Black and white LCD monitor or LCD projector

Therefore, an hour of playing on an outdated monitor is equivalent to two hours of playing on a good monitor in terms of eye strain.

General standards loads for children when working with a computer:

If you carefully read all of the above, you realized that the safe duration of a child’s work at the computer depends on many circumstances. At good equipment workplace and correct selection occupation, the time for safe work can be significantly extended, two to three times compared to the old standards. And, conversely, if the workplace is poorly organized, even generally accepted standards can be harmful to health.

Russian labor protection specialists offer three types of standards:

Option 1 is standard standards calculated by the Ministry of Health based on computer classes released before 1997 (Russian data). They involve basic school furniture, outdated displays, simple software and a lack of dynamic games.

Option 2 is more modern standards, corresponding to the standards of the Lyceum and approximately corresponding to a specialized home workplace. They require a high-contrast display, special furniture, air conditioning and dust collection systems, as well as work in educational programs (but not on the Internet).

Option 3 is a top-class option that works with an LCD display.

Age, class	Time spent on the computer depending on the option
	Option 1		Option 3
	forbidden	30 min/week.	45 min/week.
2-3 grades	30 min/week	45 min/week.	45 min/week.
4-6 grades	1 hour/week	1.5 hours per week, but no more than 45 minutes per day	2 hours a week, 1 hour a day
7-9 grades	2 hours/week	2.5 hours per week, no more than 1 hour per day	2.5 hours per week, 1 hour per day
10-11 grades	4 hours/week	6 hours per week, no more than 1 hour per day.	7 hours a week, 1 hour a day

In the learning process, the following system is used for high school: a computer lesson takes 1.5 astronomical hours a day. It starts with a 15-minute theoretical part, then 30 minutes of work, 15 minutes break, another 30 minutes of work.

Conclusion. How to reduce the harmfulness of your computer

So, let’s briefly summarize what harms there are and how to reduce them:

1. Reducing eye fatigue:

Good 15" display (14 and 17" monitors are more tiring); correct distance to the display (45-60 cm);

To get rid of glare on the screen from additional light sources, they should only be used to illuminate documents. Natural light should come from the side (left).

Time of continuous work with the monitor: for an adult - 2 hours; for a child - 30 minutes; break - at least 15 minutes

Limiting the time you play games like Doom and surf the Internet (the most harmful for your eyesight);

Encouraging multimedia with sound (relaxes vision).

2. Reducing physical fatigue (cramped posture):

A special computer chair on a gas cartridge, without armrests;

A special computer desk with a retractable board for the keyboard.

3. Reducing mental stress:

Limiting time playing Doom (and similar games) and surfing the Internet;

Regular breaks of 15 minutes every 30 minutes.

4. Decline electromagnetic radiation:

Monitor Installation back wall to Wall;

Elimination of dust in the room; - washing with cold water after work.

A decrease in the concentration of light air ions in the air and an increase in heavy air ions during operation of the monitor causes headaches. It is necessary to ventilate the room well and, if possible, install an ionizer.

Pregnant and nursing mothers are prohibited from using a computer (due to possible negative action electromagnetic field).

How to check your child:

Recently, in the West, the question quite often arises of what information a child has received from the Internet and what he is doing on the computer. There are several simple control systems.

First. While your child is working, look at the contents of the screen occasionally. No matter how simple this advice is, many parents, leaving their child alone with the computer, completely forget about it.

Second. There is such an interesting folder - C:/WINDOWS/Temporary Internet Files. If files with the extension .jpg containing images of naked women suddenly appear in this folder, it means that your child has visited porn sites.

Third. If your child has become a separate user on the computer, log into it using his username and password. And look at what toys are on the desktop. If you don’t know your login and password, check the c:/Program Files and c:/games folders, as well as the root directory. Installed games are also visible there.

Exercises during breaks from working with the computer:

To give your eyes an effective rest, move to an area with different lighting from your work area, remove your glasses or contact lenses if you wear them, and cover your eyes with your palms. Stare into this darkness for thirty seconds, then close your eyes before removing your hands and slowly open them.

Tight muscles, especially in the neck and shoulder area, are a common cause of headaches. When you're not working on the computer, do stretching exercises to help you relax - this will help relieve stress and prevent headaches. Try an exercise called neck circles. For maximum benefit, it should be performed several times for about five minutes: Stand with your feet shoulder-width apart. Slowly lower your chin to your chest and stay in this position for a few seconds. Breathing deeply, move your head in a circular motion to the right, trying to touch your ear to your shoulder. Stay in this position for a few seconds, then turn your head to the left, towards your left shoulder, pausing again. When you feel that the muscles are relaxed, begin to slowly perform rotational movements of the head, first to the right three to five times, then to the left the same number of times. Finish the stretch (still breathing deeply) by raising your shoulders up, trying to reach your ears, then slowly lower them. Repeat 5 times.

To improve the condition of the lungs, eyes, neck muscles and hands, in between working on the computer, I use an exercise borrowed from yoga:

1. Stand with your feet shoulder-width apart. Place your hands down in front of you, clasp your fingers and turn your clasped hands out (palms will be flat down).

2. Simultaneously with take a deep breath Raise your clasped hands up and move them back as far as possible, bending your entire body back and maximally stretching all the muscles in the pause after reaching the maximum amplitude of movement (“borrow the style” of this stretching from your or your neighbor’s cat - the way she stretches after sleep).

3. Along with a deep (and noisy - with sound) exhalation, close your eyes, completely relax, unclasp your hands, lower them behind your neck and let them fall freely down along your torso. At the same time, relax your head and let it fall forward. At the end of a slow exhalation, bend slightly forward at the waist and tuck your stomach (tighten your abdominal muscles) in order to squeeze out all the “stagnant” air from your lungs with your diaphragm - such a deep exhalation can be accomplished with several noisy exhalation movements.

4. Do several of these slow breathing cycles at the beginning and end of the exercise routine. The exercise should be done on the balcony or at least near an open window. The degree of flexion of the arms in the elbow joint when they are raised and the trajectory of their fall when exhaling can vary depending on the sensation of the greatest “pleasure” from different ways of performing these movements.

Candidate of Medical Sciences Leonid Rostislavovich Bitterlikh

Sobko Lyudmila Aleksandrovna MBOU Lyceum "Vector" Khabarovsk

School risk factors affecting the health of schoolchildren.

(Speech at a meeting of the Moscow Region of science teachers of the polytechnic cycle)

Health is not everything, but everything without health is nothing.

Socrates

Surprisingly, two decades ago the concept of “childhood stress” did not exist. However, recent studies have proven that children, just like their parents, suffer from fears, excessive stress, strong psychological pressure... as a result, every third child experiences stress. The reasons can be very different: loss of a close relative, divorce of parents, loss of expensive things, transfer to another school, excessive demands significant people to the child...

But, of course, the most severe is school stress. School today is a serious psychogenic factor. No one doubts that big influence on the development and state of mental and physical health children are provided social problems and environmental hazards. Nobody denies genetic burden. And yet, experts believe that 20-40% of the negative influences that worsen children’s health are associated with school, with uncomfortable conditions for the learning process.

According to Art. No. 12, 13, 20, 32 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”, where it is clearthe responsibility of the educational institution for life andthe safety of children, strengthening the health of children and caring for them is one ofmain tasks of the school. According to various studies, health status is primarily determined by the physical and social environment, lifestyle and to a lesser extent depends on healthcare.

One of the areas of the National Educational Initiative “Our New School” is the health of schoolchildren. “It is during the school period,” emphasized the President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev in his Address to the Federal Assembly, “that a person’s health is formed for the rest of his life.” Much depends on family upbringing, but given the fact that children spend a significant part of the day at school, teachers should also take care of their health.

However, the steady trend towards worsening health indicators among schoolchildren gives cause for concern for both parents and the state. The factors influencing this state of affairs are increasing every year.

The teacher is a key figure in the educational process, responsible for the health of children. Their main task is to reduce school risk factors associated with unsatisfactory learning conditions, irrational organization of the educational process, low physical activity, inconsistency of teaching methods with the age capabilities of students, etc. - in a word, with factors that negatively affect the health of schoolchildren.

In connection with this area of ​​work, each school needs to identify the principles of health conservation in the organization of lessons as the main form of the educational process and identify reserves and opportunities for improving this work.

Long-term research by the Institute of Developmental Physiology of the Russian Academy of Education has made it possible to identify school risk factors that provoke stress and negatively affect the growth, development and health of children. Director of the Institute of Developmental Physiology of the Russian Academy of Education M. M. Bezrukikh identifies the following set of pedagogical risk factors (ranked depending on the strength of influence):

stressful pedagogical tactics;

intensification of the educational process;

inconsistency of teaching methods and technologies with the age and functional capabilities of schoolchildren;

irrational organization of educational activities;

functional illiteracy of the teacher;

lack of a system of work to promote health and a healthy lifestyle.

WITH stress pedagogical tactics .

The most significant of the pedagogical risk factors is stressful pedagogical tactics, since the stress experienced by the child due to the race, time limits, failures, dissatisfaction of adults (both teachers and parents) lasts endlessly. Shouting system (“Everyone is waiting for you again!”, “Again you haven’t completed the task!” or “What kind of handwriting is this!”,“You didn’t have time again”, “You’re not trying at all”, “Where did you get people like that from”...)becomes typical and ultimately leads to the strongestessu.

Research results indicate that in classes with an authoritarian, tough teacher, educator, the current morbidity rate is 2 times higher, the number of newly emerging neurological disorders is 1.5 - 2 times higher than in classes with a calm and friendly teacher (under equal learning conditions).

Intensification of the educational process

The educational process is intensified in different ways.

The first, most obvious one is an increase in the number of teaching hours. Actual school workload (according to the Institute of Developmental Physiology of the Russian Academy of Education, Science Center protection of the health of children and adolescents of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences...) especially in lyceums,in classes with in-depth study of a number of subjects, isin primary school 7.2 – 8.3 hours per day, in secondary school 8.6 – 9.2 hours per day. Together with preparing homework, the working day of a modern schoolchild is10 – 12 in mainschooland 13 – 15 in average.A significant increase in the workload at school does not go unnoticed: these children often experience a greater prevalence and severity of neuropsychic disorders, greater fatigue, accompanied by immune and hormonal dysfunctions, lower resistance and other disorders. It is overwork that creates the preconditions for the development of acute and chronic disorders health, development of nervous, psychosomatic and other diseases. There is a tendency towards an increase in the number of diseases of the nervous system and sensory organs in children.

There is a second option for intensification - a real reduction in the number of study hours while maintaining or increasing the volume of educational material, which leads to an increase in homework, and also to overload and fatigue... The microsymptoms of overwork may not be clearly expressed, and its manifestations such as irritability, poor sleep, tearfulness, instability of attention, low level inability to work is often mistaken for laziness, reluctance to learn, lack of diligence...

Eduard Dneprov, former Minister Education in Russia, calculated that a high school student needs 169 hours a week to complete homework, and there are only 168 hours in a week. With a school load of 65-70 hours a week, the child has only 29 minutes per day,

to take a walk.

Inconsistency of teaching methods and technologies with the age and functional capabilities of children

Accelerating learning to write and read; The method of teaching continuous writing is the third most important risk factor, causing increased stress and fatigue.

Irrational organization of educational activities

Reduction of breaks, lack of an hour of active rest after the 3rd lesson, concentration on tests and independent work in one day, the irrational organization of a lesson, characteristic of a modern school, during which the student’s type of activity changes 4–5 times (which makes switching difficult and actually deprives the child of a period of maximum performance). Schoolchildren of all classes do not get enough sleep by 1.5 - 2.0 hours in 80 - 90% of cases.

For a while, a child can withstand such a stressful life, but then he sacrifices either school (motivation disappears: he becomes lazy, doesn’t want to study, doesn’t try...), or health.

Increased sensitivity body to intellectual, physical and emotional overload in school age in combination with the stress tactics of the teacher, the inconsistency of teaching methods and technologies, create “ideal” conditions for the development of neuropsychiatric diseases.

Functional illiteracy of the teacher

Another risk factor for the child is the teacher himself. He may know his subject, but may not know the child, his age and individual characteristics, his capabilities. The school needs a teacher who is aware of his responsibility for the emotional and comfortable development and health of the student (and not just knowledge), a teacher who knows how to defend (and this is necessary) the interests of the child.

Determined that professional activity Teaching is one of the most stressful (psychologically speaking) types of social activity: the work of a teacher is one of the group of professions with a large number of stress factors. This situation potentially contains an increase in the neuropsychic stress of the individual, which leads to the emergence of neurotic disorders and psychosomatic diseases. In the practice of educational institutions, the problem of professional maladaptation arises as a reflection of personal contradictions between the mobilization required from the teacher and the presence of internal energy resources, causing fairly stable negative (often unconscious) mental states, manifested in overstrain and overwork.

It is important to take this circumstance into full account, since it is the teacher who is primarily responsible for organizing a comfortable educational environment and making (in practice) this environment favorable for schoolchildren’s learning. Due to thisorganizing work to preserve the mental health of teachers is the most pressing task of the modern education system.

Rational organization of the educational process is necessary to prevent

overload, overvoltage and ensuring conditions for successful learning of schoolchildren,

maintaining their health.

Therefore, one of the main tasks of school administrationly on the health problem is the organization and control over the effectiveness of the entire complex of activities aimed atdedicated to preserving and strengthening the health of students.

Most important indicators rational organizationnization of the educational processare:

Organization of lessons based on the principles of health conservation;

Use of health-saving technologies in lessonsnology.

Teach a child young man general principles modern systems and methods of protecting and promoting health are, of course, the task of educational institutions.

The modern level of civilization and culture makes one of the most important priorities for a person the task of learning for himself: not to get sick, to be healthy.

Health-saving technology is not an alternative to all other systems and approaches.

The content and organization of training should always correspond to the age characteristics of students. Selection of the volume of the educational load and the level of complexity of the material being studied in accordance with the individual capabilities of the student is one of the main and mandatory requirements for any educational technology, which determines the nature of its impact on the student’s health. However, to do this on a mass scale modern school very hard.

A factor that is traditionally associated in public opinion with adverse consequences for the health of students - “examination stress”. If you look at this problem more broadly, then any call to the board, test, testing is already a little exam stress. But this is not a reason to cancel the exam procedure. It is only necessary to have a knowledge testing procedure in which the necessary psychological, pedagogical and ethical standards are observed, an atmosphere of fairness and goodwill is ensured, and the individual characteristics of the respondent are taken into account.

And I would like to talk about one more health-saving factor - education in a favorable and holistic psychological and pedagogical environment at home. All children's health is based primarily on family status: the relationship between parents, understanding of the child, the nature of knowledge with the child, social living conditions, the presence of a friendly atmosphere of interaction and cooperation.

The school conducted a survey about factors adversely affecting the health of schoolchildren. The students answered the following questions: and they indicated the following factors that have a greater negative impact on their health: a large amount of homework, the number of lessons; early start of lessons in the 1st shift, and late end of lessons in the 2nd shift; complexity of the material being studied; meals in the school canteen; in the elementary grades, the weight of school bags; upcoming exams in high school; six-day training and nervous teachers.

The efforts of schools and families should be directed precisely at nurturing a culture of health in the younger generation, taking into account the priority in this matter of upbringing over education. A culture of health should not be studied, but cultivated. The psychological basis for this is motivation to lead a healthy lifestyle. An integral part of a health culture is awareness of health issues and a healthy lifestyle. How to succeed in life, how not to become a victim of alcohol or drugs - having joined the culture of health, a child or teenager turns to us teachers for answers to all these questions.

The child should constantly feel happy, help him with this.

Each lesson should leave only positive emotions in the child’s soul.

Children should feel a sense of comfort, security and, of course, interest in the lesson.

Memo for teachers

Organization of a lesson based on the principles of health conservation

The correct organization of the lesson and the level of its rationality largely determine functional state schoolchildren in the process of educational activities, possiblyability to maintain mental performance for a long timeness on high level and prevent premature fatigue.

Rule 1. Proper organization of the lesson.

Organization of a lesson must necessarily include three stages:

1st stage: the teacher provides information (at the same timebut stimulates questions);

2nd stage: students formulate and ask questions;

3rd stage: teacher and students answer questions.

Lesson result - mutual interest that suppresses fatigue.

Rule 2. Using perception channels.

Peculiarities of perception are determined by one of the most important properties individuality - functionalbrain asymmetry: distribution of mental functionsbetween hemispheres. There are different types of functional organization of the two hemispheres of the brain depending on which of them is dominant:

-left-brained people - they are characterized by the wordspring-logical style of cognitive processes, slopeability to abstract and generalize;

-right-brain people - this type has developed concrete imaginative thinking and imagination;

-equal people - they do not have a pronounced dominance of one of the hemispheres.

Based on preferred channels of perceptionformations are distinguished:

auditory perception;

visual perception;

kinesthetic perception.

Knowledge of these characteristics of children will allow the teacher to present educational material in a language accessible to all students, facilitating the process of memorizing it.

Rule 3. Accounting for students' performance zones.

It has been experimentally proven thatschoolchildren's performance has its peaksAndrecessions like

during the school day, so different days school week. Performance also depends on age characteristics children.

Rule 4. Distribution of intensity of mental activity.

When organizing a lesson, there are three main stages from the point of view of health conservation, which are characterized by their duration, volume of load and characteristic types of activities.

The effectiveness of students acquiring knowledge during the lesson is as follows:

5-25th minute - 80%;

25-35th minute - 60-40%;

35-40th minute - 10%.

A lesson organized based on the principles of health conservation should not lead to students finishing their studies with strong and pronounced forms of fatigue.

Kulagina Ekaterina

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Research work on

topic: "Let's maintain our health"

Study of factors influencing schoolchildren's health

Work completed:

Kulagina Ekaterina

student of 5th grade "B"

Head: biology teacher Kutneeva E.N.

Introduction 3-4

Chapter first. Factors influencing the health of schoolchildren 5-7

Chapter two. Practical stage work 8-9

Conclusion 10

Bibliography 11

Appendix 12-19

Introduction.

The topic of our research is one of the modern and current problems- this is the study of human ecology, namely schoolchildren.

The purpose of our work is to determine the dependence of the health status of 5th grade students on human environmental factors.

We set ourselves the following tasks:

• Consider specific factors of human ecology;
• Conduct a survey among a group of students;
• Analyze the results of the survey and compare them with the number of days missed due to illness;
• Draw conclusions about the influence of environmental factors on the health of a group of schoolchildren.

Hypothesis:

• The health of a schoolchild depends on environmental factors.

The relevance of our work lies in the most important concept for the student - health, health preservation, healthy lifestyle. The fulfillment of a number of tasks for the future depends on health. School performance also depends on the physical and emotional health of the student.

Health is one of the fundamental concepts of medicine and human ecology, an indicator of the quality of life of a schoolchild. In a number of definitions, mainly of a medical nature, health has traditionally been viewed as the absence of diseases and external defects, i.e., a state characterized by optimal adaptation of a person to the environment. According to the modern definition, health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Health is a complex, multifaceted category. In the literature, depending on the approach, the following concepts are used: population health, people’s health, human health, personal health, family health, and schoolchildren’s health plays a significant role among these concepts. The main object of our research is the health of the student and the factors that make up it. In each case, the concept of health is filled with new content. We also strive to make the research practical. It is necessary to take into account the fact that, despite various interpretations, everything related to human ecology, one way or another, is related to human health problems in connection with the state environment and the influence of the environment on a person. In other words, we are dealing with the problem of health, a healthy lifestyle of a schoolchild and environmental factors.

Human ecology, as a rule, is understood as the study of problems of the relationship between man and the environment in specific conditions of existence. Thus, instead of humanity as a whole, the focus is on a specific person, the student. The basic principle of human ecology in this case is an integrated approach.

In our study, we examined specific environmental factors of a person, a student, that directly determine the conditions of his existence and, in our opinion, are of the greatest practical interest. Here are some of them: 1) nutrition; 2) doing physical sports; 3) clothing and textiles; 4) ecology of the home; 5) analysis of the state of the environment; 6) family; 7) Internet use

In accordance with the aspects we highlighted, a questionnaire was developed, with which we asked a group of 36 5th grade students to work. After this, our group analyzed the results of the study and compared them with the intensity of illnesses of students over the past 4 months who took part in the work.

The information obtained makes it possible to draw conclusions about the relationship between a healthy lifestyle, environmental factors and their impact on the health of students

Chapter first. Factors influencing the health of schoolchildren.

Initially, Homo sapiens lived in the natural environment, like all inhabitants of the ecosystem, and was practically unprotected from the action of its environmental factors. Primitive man was subject to the same regulatory factors as the entire animal world. Modern man is also exposed to various environmental factors, but even today he continues to be unprotected from the effects of environmental aspects, although he did some of them with his own hands. It is these factors (affecting life and health) that we consider in our research, using science called human ecology. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the fact that despite various interpretations, everything related to human ecology is in one way or another related to human health problems in connection with the state of the environment and the influence of the environment on humans. In other words, we are dealing with the problem of human health (physical and mental) in the context of the environment (in a global and local sense). We have identified exactly those factors that schoolchildren most often encounter in everyday life; factors that can have both beneficial and detrimental effects on a child’s health, we can correlate all this with the concept of a healthy lifestyle.

The first and most important factor is nutrition. This includes the correct diet of the student, the nature of the foods consumed, and the socio-economic status of the family, which influences the choice of food. An important factor when considering issues related to nutrition, it is an assessment of the quality of food products traditionally consumed by the population of certain territories and having a microelement and vitamin composition characteristic of these territories. Problematic issues include modern trends in nutrition associated with an increase in the share of ready-to-eat foods.

Exercise plays an important role in the health of a growing body. Often different types physical exercise used to prevent obesity in children. A recent study found that aerobics and other forms of physical activity help children cope with irritability. Experts from Georgia observed 200 students aged 7-11 years. Most of them were overweight. For 3 months these boys and girls were transferred to a class with increased physical activity. In particular, they did aerobics and rhythmic gymnastics. As a result psychological tests We managed to find out that all the children became more balanced and calm. First

In turn, the outbursts of unreasonable anger that are typical of teenagers of this age have disappeared. In addition to the positive impact on the child’s psyche, exercise has proven to be an excellent preventative against various chronic diseases.

Traditionally, great importance is attached to such factors as clothing and shoes. This factor is largely determined by fashion (i.e., the proposed clothing attribute was produced by someone or someone intends to produce it and its implementation will bring a certain benefit). In this area, a person is exposed to powerful psychological influence in the form of various types of advertising. On the other hand, an important aspect is the technological characteristics of the materials from which clothes and shoes are made. For example, if polymer materials that emit harmful substances were used in the production of shoes chemical substances, this can cause intoxication, since sweat glands Human feet function in both sweat separation and absorption modes. Thus, some aspects of human ecology are related to the problem of consumption and protection of consumer rights, the degree of his awareness when choosing a particular product or strategy of consumer behavior.

Housing and microenvironment. There are many different aspects to this level. So, vital role For a person, the characteristics of the materials used in the construction and decoration of the home (technological factor) play a role. For example, at one time in our country, wood-based furniture became quite widespread, in the production of which phenol-formaldehyde resins were used, which have a toxic effect. Of course, the use of paints (whitewash) that contain lead compounds is harmful and dangerous to human health. On the other hand, the design of the room also plays a vital role. In an uncomfortable, poorly equipped and decorated room, a person will experience discomfort, despite high quality construction and finishing materials. The influence of toxic and psychological effects can accumulate under unfavorable trends.

Analysis of the state of the environment. The environmental conditions of a student’s living largely depend on the location of his home. The location of factories, factories and gas stations near his house, as well as the presence of green spaces, parks and forests.

The microclimate of the family is very important for the formation of the student’s personality. Since at this age the concept of continuity of generations is laid down, from parents to children.

The indicator of Internet users among schoolchildren is a direct indicator of the possibility of accelerated education and obtaining the latest technical and scientific information. However, the question of possible negative impact information boom on humanity (at the individual psychological level, especially for schoolchildren) is also not removed from the agenda. For example, Western psychologists and psychiatrists talk about the emergence of a new type of phobia among modern business people - the fear of running an email program every day (the number of information messages arriving daily on individual computers is growing).

From this we can conclude that the factors we listed were not chosen by chance, since their study can give us a wide range of information about the daily lifestyle of a student.

Chapter two. Practical stage of work.

In order to study in more detail the attitude of a modern schoolchild to human environmental factors. We compiled a questionnaire that included questions on each of the schoolchild environmental factors we had previously considered and conducted a survey among a group of 5th grade students (36 people) secondary school №12.

Then we counted the guys’ answers to the questions in our questionnaire and made diagrams for each factor. After analyzing, we received the following results: 23 people out of 36 respondents support the optimal diet for a schoolchild.

In the second paragraph, which is dedicated to playing sports, we decided to choose the most relevant factor - this is exercise. Every person needs to do morning exercises every day, regardless of age or physical development. Children should start doing morning exercises from birth, because exercise improves the functioning of the heart and lungs, develops musculoskeletal tissue, strengthens the overall health of the body. And if you teach your child to do exercises every morning, then it will also teach the child discipline and develop willpower. And being an adult, each of us knows that after regular morning exercises we get a colossal boost of energy for the whole day, we feel better, exercise seems to “shake up” the body and just great mood. Some parents are very mistaken in believing that if a child attends any sports sections, then this is quite enough for his body and morning exercises are not needed at all. Morning exercises are best done when open windows, accompanied by invigorating music. And in the summer it is better to conduct classes outdoors. The exercises included in a child’s morning exercises may be different, but the main thing is that they develop the entire body and are performed in a certain sequence. Unfortunately, our research shows that only 14 out of 36 schoolchildren do morning exercises.

Almost all schoolchildren surveyed wear comfortable clothes and shoes

with the exception of four.

All schoolchildren surveyed have comfortable housing.

The ecology of the area in which the student lives is safe for human life and health, since most of its territory has green spaces and parks, which significantly improves the ecological situation of the settlement.

30 out of 36 schoolchildren have complete families, which significantly improves the emotional state of the group of children who took part in the study.

Slightly more than half of the children are Internet users. This allows us to conclude that not all guys sit at the computer all day, but spend most of their time in the fresh air or playing sports, which will significantly improve their health.

After analyzing the questionnaire, we compared the children’s answers with their absence from school due to illness, and drew conclusions. Those guys who play sports do morning exercises, follow a healthy diet, wear comfortable clothes and have a normal emotional background at home, on average, according to our calculations, get sick 2.5 times less often than students who do not follow correct image life.

Conclusion.

Human ecology is of great importance for improving the health of schoolchildren. Knowing the factors and their impact on the physical and emotional state of the student, we can give recommendations for improving health.

The first is to follow a diet and exercise.

Secondly, it is not to pollute the environment and preserve the few parks and green spaces in the area where you live.

Third, spend as much time as possible in the fresh air, and use the Internet moderately (20 minutes a day), only when preparing homework.

Fourth, wear comfortable clothes and shoes if possible. And maintain a calm and favorable environment at home, because our research has proven that the health of the student depends on these factors, which almost always depends on him

To summarize, it should be emphasized that the goal of a schoolchild’s ecology is to preserve and, to the extent possible, increase the level of human environmental health, that is, health in the context of the state of the environment.

Bibliographic list.

1. Alekseev V.P. Essays on human ecology. M., 1998. P. 18.
2. Bigon M, Harper J., Townsend K. Ecology. Individuals, populations and communities / Transl. from English M.: Mir, 1989. In 2 volumes.
3. Odum Yu. Fundamentals of ecology / Transl. from English M.: Mir, 1975. 740 p.
4. Radkevich V.A. Ecology. Minsk: Higher School, 1998. 159 p.
5. Reimers N.F. Ecology. Theory, laws, rules, principles and hypotheses M., 1994. P. 12.
6. Stepanovskikh A.S. General ecology: Textbook for universities. M.: UNITY, 2001. 510 p.
7. Shilov I.A. Ecology. M.: Higher School, 2003. 512 p.

Bibliographic list.

Application

Questionnaire

1. Food. Answer the questions Yes, No. Are you following the correct diet?

1. Playing sports. Answer the questions Yes, No. Are you doing exercises?
2. Clothes and shoes. Answer the questions Yes, No. Do you always wear comfortable clothes?
3. Housing and microenvironment. Answer the questions Yes, No. Is your home comfortable?
4. Analysis of the state of the environment. Answer the questions Yes, No. Does your area have parks and green spaces?
5. Family. Answer the questions Yes, No. Do you have a full family?
6. Internet user indicator. Are you Internet users?

The most important factor is nutrition.

Clothes and shoes. Housing and microenvironment.

State of the environment.

Family.

Internet.

Frequency of diseases in a group of schoolchildren who took part in the study.

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MBOU "Secondary School No. 22" presents research work

Completed by a 5th grade student, Ekaterina Kulagina, under the guidance of biology teacher E.N. Kulagina.