1. Introduction

2. Transport logistics

3. Conclusion

4. List of references used

Introduction

Logistics is the science of planning, control and management of transportation, warehousing and other logistics operations performed in the process of bringing raw materials and materials to a production enterprise, in-process processing of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products, bringing finished products to the consumer in accordance with his interests and requirements, as well as the transmission, storage and processing of relevant information.

Logistics is broadly consumer oriented. Its goal is to deliver products exactly on time with minimal costs for supply, storage, production, packaging, sales, and transport, thereby significantly improving the operating conditions of the entire economy. The main goal of logistics is realized by solving a large complex of problems.

Problems solved in logistics: global, general, specific.

Logistics combines such areas of economic activity as logistics of supply, production, sales, transport, etc.

Transport logistics

Transportation is a logistics operation consisting of moving products in a given state using vehicles, starting with loading at the place of departure and ending with unloading at the place of destination. This logistics operation includes:

1. the process of transporting cargo to its destination. Delivery times depend on a number of factors, including the type of cargo, speed category, type of shipment;

2. bringing the goods to the buyer by shipping the appropriate type of transport. If the shipment agreement does not specify under what conditions and by what type of transport delivery is carried out, then the right to choose transport and determine the conditions of transportation belongs to the supplier, unless otherwise follows from the law, other legal acts, the essence of the obligation or business customs (clause 1 of Art. 510 Civil Code of the Russian Federation);

3. transportation of cargo to the terminal at the place of departure and from the terminal at the place of destination or from the supplier’s warehouse to the end consumer.

Transport is an important link in the logistics system. It must have a number of necessary properties and meet certain requirements in order to create innovative systems for the collection and distribution of goods. First of all, transport must be flexible enough to ensure the transportation process is subject to weekly or even daily adjustments, guarantee frequent and round-the-clock delivery of goods to scattered and remote points, and reliably serve the clientele in order to avoid business interruptions or customer shortages. At the same time, the transport must be able to transport small quantities of goods at short intervals in accordance with the changing needs of the user and the conditions of small-scale production.

The main tasks of transport logistics include:

· creation of transport systems, including the creation of transport corridors and transport chains;

· joint planning of transport processes on various modes of transport (in the case of intermodal transport);

· ensuring technological unity of the transport and warehouse process;

· joint planning of the transport process with warehouse and production;

· choosing the type of vehicle;

· selection of vehicle type;

· determination of rational delivery routes.

There are two groups of vehicles based on their purpose:

1. Public transport- this is a set of industries in the sphere of material production that meet the needs of the national economy and population in the transportation of goods, luggage, passengers and in the transportation of mail. The concept of “public transport” covers railway, water (sea and river), air, road and pipeline transport. Communication between public transport and industrial and commercial enterprises is carried out through access roads included in the industrial transport system. Rail transport and pipeline transport in most countries are considered natural monopolies and are subject to regulation by special government bodies. For other types of public transport in a market economy, the most typical is oligopoly, i.e. structure of the transport services market, in which several large carriers, on the basis of informal agreements, control the bulk of the market. In accordance with Art. 789 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, transportation carried out by a commercial organization is recognized as transportation by public transport if it follows from the law, other legal acts or a permit (license) issued to this organization that this organization is obliged to transport goods, passengers and luggage at the request of any citizen or legal entity .

2. Non-public transport– intra-production transport, as well as vehicles of all types belonging to non-transport enterprises; are, as a rule, an integral part of any production systems and should be organically integrated into them. Accordingly, the organization of its work is one of the tasks of organizing logistics in the enterprise as a whole and is carried out in conjunction with solving the problems of production, procurement and distribution.

The key role of transportation in logistics is explained not only by the large share of transportation costs in the overall composition of logistics costs, but also by the fact that without transportation the very existence of material flow is impossible.

The following main types of transport can be distinguished: railway; nautical; air; pipeline

Each type of transport has specific features from the point of view of logistics management, advantages and disadvantages that determine the possibilities of its use in the logistics system.

Let's consider the comparative logistics characteristics of various types of transport, which should be taken into account when choosing a vehicle.

Railway transport. Advantages: high carrying and throughput capacity; independence from climatic conditions, time of year and day; high regularity of transportation; relatively low tariffs; significant discounts for transit shipments; high speed delivery of goods over long distances. Flaws: limited number of carriers; large capital investments in the production and technical base; high material and energy consumption of transportation; low accessibility to end points of sales (consumption); insufficient cargo safety.

The wagon fleet consists of passenger and freight cars. Freight cars are divided into universal (covered, gondola cars, platforms, tanks) and specialized, adapted for transporting a certain type of cargo (isothermal, cement, acid, etc.). covered wagons are used to transport valuable cargo and cargo that is susceptible to precipitation; gondola cars – for bulk loaded and timber cargo; tanks – for liquid cargo (gasoline, kerosene, milk, etc.). Heavy and large-sized cargo is transported in transporters with a lifting capacity of 400 tons.

Each type of car is characterized by its carrying capacity, capacity, tare weight of the car and other indicators. Loading capacity is determined by the amount of cargo in tons that can be loaded into a given car in accordance with the strength of its chassis, frame and body, capacity - the product of the length of the car by its width and height. The most important element in increasing the productivity of the railcar fleet is the full use of the carrying capacity and capacity of the railcars. The degree of use of the carrying capacity and capacity of the car when transporting a particular cargo can be judged by the corresponding coefficients.

To carry out freight, commercial and other operations, the railway has freight stations, which are equipped with freight devices and structures. Cargo station is a complex of track and cargo devices, technical and office premises designed to carry out relevant cargo and commercial operations. It carries out operations for receiving, loading and issuing cargo and luggage.

Sea transport. Advantages: possibility of intercontinental transportation; low cost of long-distance transportation; high carrying and throughput capacity; low capital intensity of transportation. Flaws: limited transportation; low delivery speed (long transit time); dependence on geographical, navigation and weather conditions; the need to create a complex postal infrastructure; strict requirements for packaging and securing cargo; low frequency of shipments.

The main indicators characterizing river and sea vessels are displacement, carrying capacity, cargo capacity, vessel dimensions (length, width, side height) and draft when loaded and empty.

To carry out loading and unloading operations, receiving and issuing cargo, organizing transportation and servicing the fleet, there are sea and river ports and marinas. Port called a coastal point that has convenient water approaches for ships, connected from the coastal territory with railway and trackless transport and equipped with appropriate structures, devices and equipment that ensure rapid loading and unloading of ships, wagons and vehicles, navigation services for ships, cultural and social services and equipment of ships.

Inland water (river) transport. Advantages: high carrying capacity on deep-water rivers and reservoirs; low cost of transportation; low capital intensity. Flaws: limited transportation; low speed of cargo delivery; dependence on uneven depths of rivers and reservoirs, navigation conditions; seasonality; insufficient reliability of transportation and safety of cargo.

Transport logistics is a science that deals with the delivery of cargo from one point to another. The main tasks that logistics solves include:

• 1. Analysis of dispatch and delivery points
• 2. Analysis of the properties of the transported cargo
• 3. Choosing suitable transport
• 4. Building an optimal route
• 5. Carrying out control during transportation and prompt correction in case of deviation

As optimality criteria the constructed route and the selected transport can be:

• Minimizing distance traveled
• Minimizing delivery time
• Minimizing costs
• Minimizing the risk of cargo damage

The optimal route is the one that maximally satisfies all the above criteria. Obviously, in practice it is often not possible to fulfill all the requirements due to various circumstances, so one of the criteria is chosen as the main one, and the rest are taken into account whenever possible.

The approach to solving transport logistics problems is complex. Each individual problem cannot be solved without analyzing its interaction with the others. Thus, the choice of the necessary transport is determined together with the development of the optimal route, which, in turn, depends on the characteristics of the points of shipment and delivery.

Analysis of dispatch and delivery points

The very first step is to determine the “breadth of scope” of the means used, which depends on the geographical characteristics of the delivery points. At this stage, the possibilities of using a particular type of vehicle (VV) are established and a preliminary route is plotted. It is often impossible or impractical to use only one type of transport along the entire route - in this case, the route is divided into intermediate segments, on which its own type of transportation is determined.

Analysis of the properties of transported cargo

The object to be transported has its own unique characteristics, which determine the choice of vehicle type and transportation route. Thus, the routes for transporting ordinary and dangerous cargo will be different - in the second option, it should not pass near densely populated areas and strategic objects, in addition, a special permit will be required.

Selecting a vehicle type

The selection of the appropriate type and type of delivery will largely be determined based on the results of the analysis at the previous stages. The following types of transport are distinguished:

• Automotive

Ideal for short to medium distance transport. Thanks to its high maneuverability and mobility, it is the most optimal way to deliver small consignments in a relatively short time. However, due to its low carrying capacity, this type of transport is unsuitable for transporting large quantities of goods, as well as oversized, heavy cargo. In addition, there is a risk of damage to the goods due to the high probability of an accident (relative to other types of transportation), as well as its theft.

• Nautical

There are international and inland water (river) transport. Despite the significant delivery time and limitations by geographical factors, it has undeniable advantages in terms of good carrying capacity, which favors large-heavy transportation and low cost of transporting objects from port to port. This is especially relevant for areas with water connections.

• Railway

It is the most common in Russia for transporting industrial goods (mainly raw materials) in significant volumes over long distances. It is distinguished by its low cost, all-weather durability and fast loading and unloading speed. But due to the high congestion of the railways and, in addition, the limited number of railway carriers, it leads to a long wait for a suitable schedule.

• Air

Air cargo transport is the fastest way to transport over very long distances, as well as to areas that have no other means of communication. However, excessive freight tariffs discourage small and medium-sized commercial organizations, leaving room only for the most important strategic deliveries.

• Pipeline

A highly specialized method of transferring various types of gaseous and liquid substances (gas, oil). Low transportation costs and high throughput determined the right to its existence. Significant disadvantages are the high cost of laying the “channel”, as well as limited use by select government officials. companies.

Building an optimal route

Laying out the optimal cargo route, as well as choosing a suitable vehicle, is determined primarily by the following factors:

• geographical location of the starting, ending and intermediate points of the route;
• specifics, characteristics and properties of the transported cargo (quantity, volume, dimensions, degree of danger);
• urgency of delivery;
• the amount of budget allocated for transportation costs.

Having decided on the main priorities, logisticians, as a rule, receive several options for different routes. Elimination of unpromising ones occurs according to the analysis of possible risks and current conditions. Adjustments are made based on climatic (seasonal, weather), political, economic and other factors. A well-designed scheme includes taking into account the minimum and maximum indicators of time and costs, minor deviations, the degree of risks (relevant for cargo insurance), up to the occurrence of force majeure.

Carrying out control during transportation

In our world, no one is immune from the occurrence of unfortunate events, and therefore, according to the principle “if something terrible is going to happen, it will definitely happen,” it is necessary to protect yourself as fully as possible by taking control of the implementation of all intended goals. As often happens, a delay in loading (or unloading), a machine breakdown, or other emergencies lead to shifts in the time schedule, which may result in delays to the next point, disruption of deliveries and other unpleasant consequences leading to the application of appropriate sanctions against certain parties. In such situations, following the planned schedule becomes irrelevant - urgent adjustments are required in order to reduce the negative consequences. Continuous monitoring and constant informing by the logistician of the client and other interested parties allows the situation to be directed in the right direction in a timely manner.

Today, there are many means of controlling and monitoring the transportation process - cellular, Internet, satellite and other types of communications. To track the trajectory of movement, prevent unintentional stops and any deviations from the intended course, GPS/GLONASS navigation systems are used that are installed on vehicles, which allow them to be monitored in real time.

Principles of transport logistics

The basic principle on which the entire algorithm of logistics services in the transport sector is built is called “just in time” (in English - “just in time”). According to this principle, deliveries should be made within strictly specified time frames, no later and no earlier, to organize the continuity of the production process and avoid overfilling warehouses with excess raw materials or products.

The second principle, which can be described as a “continuous chain”, is to maximize efficiency of vehicle use(continuity of traffic flows) - elimination of all kinds of downtime and empty runs. An ideal example is the delivery of raw materials to production and the collection of finished products for delivery to a specific consumer. As a result, each individual transport unit is involved in a continuous cycle, avoiding planned downtime (“time is money”). For this reason, most carriers do not like to stand idle at loading and unloading sites - a stationary machine does not generate the income that can be obtained by using it for work. Remember that the more likely the driver who delivered your cargo is to return empty, the higher the delivery cost will be (“double price” = delivery + return).

The elements of the supply chain are composed of unified transport system, which is a collection of very different directions. Working as a single, well-coordinated mechanism, the vastness of the logistics network is inversely proportional to transportation costs - products are exported exactly on time, machines do not stand idle, the production cycle is not suspended due to a lack of material resources, there are no “idle” runs - all this allows you to significantly reduce costs.

Transport companies in the field of logistics

The emergence in Russia of a large number of various commercial companies providing cargo transportation services has led to a high level of competition, which has a beneficial effect on reduction of transport tariffs. This, in turn, contributes to the economic development of small manufacturing enterprises whose products are aimed at end consumers.

The choice of transport company largely depends on the level of need for transport services of a particular client. The modern market offers a large number of different carriers - from private cab drivers who own a single used car to large multi-industry companies with their own fleet of vehicles. Great demand for these types of services has prompted the growth of small intermediaries-forwarders, who do not own any vehicles, but only connect shippers with carriers, charging for this the so-called “delta” - the difference between the price of the client and the transporter. In fact, there is nothing wrong with this - forwarders take responsibility for delivery, relieving unnecessary headaches from clients who have no idea about transportation, thereby saving them from directly contacting large companies that are not interested in “small” cargo . The client can, of course, bypassing intermediaries, turn to small companies or private cab drivers, but who will insure him against scammers? The likelihood of meeting “unrespectable” people among small entrepreneurs is much higher than among large retail companies.

Basic documents drawn up for cargo transportation

General provisions regarding road freight transport are described in "Rules for the transportation of goods by road". Below are the main documents used when delivering goods by truck.

• Waybill (TN)

A document serving as confirmation of the contract for transportation between the shipper and the carrier (P), which indicates the characteristics of the cargo, the transportation route, loading and unloading points, marks of the shipper (CO) and consignee (GP). Compiled in triplicate - respectively for GO, P and GP.

• Packing list

A document that confirms the transfer (sale) of inventory from one organization to another. It has a single form (“TORG-12”), which can be replaced with your own, provided that the necessary details are filled out completely. It is used as a primary document in accounting (write-off transactions for the seller, capitalization transactions for the buyer). It is drawn up in two copies - the first for the seller, the other for the buyer.

• Waybill (Bill of Lading)

The main document (in form No. "1-T"), which was used before the introduction of the consignment note. Today, it is possible to use both the first and second documents, since there have been no decrees to ban TTN from the authorities. On the other hand, government resolution No. 272 ​​dated April 15, 2011. does not provide for the registration of a consignment note, so in the near future it may be completely replaced by a consignment note.
When transporting goods abroad of the Russian Federation, a CMR (TsMR) is issued - an international form of consignment note.

• Transportation contract

It is issued if the companies between which the purchase and sale is taking place contact the carrier organization. The contract is drawn up in two copies - the first for the customer, the second for the carrier. If companies do not hire the services of a transport operator, but do it on their own, then the transportation contract and, as a consequence, the technical specification or technical specification are not drawn up. The fact of transportation is taken into account only by the waybill.

• Work order

In other words - an application for transportation, in which the shipper enters in free form information about the nature of the cargo, route and delivery time and submits it for consideration to the carrier, who, no later than three working days, is obliged to confirm or refuse it, indicating the reasons for the refusal.

• Waybill

A paper issued for a specific vehicle, which reflects information about the driver to whom the vehicle was transferred, delivery route, time of arrival at unloading points, fuel consumption, etc. A waybill may not be issued when there is no need to record expenses to write them off (for tax reporting). The period for which a waybill can be issued is one calendar day or no more than a month.

For more detailed information on the complete list of documents required for registration for the transportation of goods by various modes of transport, you can see in “Letter of the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation dated August 21, 2009 No. ШС-22-3/660 - On the direction of systematized materials on documenting operations during the transportation of goods”.

The globalization of the economy is accompanied by unprecedented growth in trade. Global exports have grown 10-fold over 50 years and continue to grow at a faster rate than GDP. The daily volume of foreign exchange transactions exceeds $1.5 trillion, up from $15 billion in 1973. Under these conditions, the importance of the global transport network increases to its maximum. Transport serves as the material basis for production connections between individual territories, acts as a factor organizing the global economic space and ensuring further geographical division of labor.

In the structure of social production, transport belongs to the sphere of production of material services. A significant part of transportation along the route of MP movement from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer is carried out using various vehicles. The costs of performing these operations amount to up to 50% of the total logistics costs. This determines the importance of optimizing the movement of MPs at the transportation stage.

Transport solves the following main tasks:

• creation of transport systems, including the creation of transport corridors and transport chains;
• joint planning of transport processes on various modes of transport (in the case of multimodal transport);
• ensuring technological unity of the transport and warehouse process;
• joint planning of the transport process with warehouse and production;
• choosing the type and type of vehicle;
• determination of rational delivery routes.

The initial data for choosing the optimal mode of transport for a specific transportation is the information:

• about the characteristic features of various types of transport, their pros and cons;
• about other logistics tasks related to the transportation of products, such as creating and maintaining optimal inventory levels, choosing the type of packaging, etc.

There are six main factors for choosing a mode of transport:

• Delivery time;
• Frequency of cargo shipments;
• reliability of compliance with the delivery schedule;
• ability to transport different loads;
• the ability to deliver cargo to any point in the territory;
• transportation cost.

Automobile transport. The scope of application of road transport in Russia is intracity, suburban and intradistrict freight and passenger transportation, as well as medium and long-distance transportation of low-tonnage valuable and perishable goods.

Advantages: high maneuverability and efficiency; regularity of delivery; less stringent requirements for product packaging compared to other types.

Disadvantages: relatively high cost of transportation (based on the maximum carrying capacity of the vehicle); urgency of unloading; possibility of cargo theft; possibility of vehicle theft; relatively low load capacity.

Railway transport. In Russian conditions, railway transport is most effective for transporting bulk types of cargo over medium and long distances with a high concentration of freight flows. Advantages: relatively low cost of transportation; well adapted for transporting various consignments of cargo in all weather conditions; possibility of delivering cargo over long distances; regularity of transportation; the ability to effectively organize loading and unloading operations. Disadvantages: low maneuverability.

Sea transport. It is the largest carrier in international transport. Maritime transport mainly carries out external, export-import transportation (including all freight transportation in intercontinental traffic). Its role is great in coastal (inland) transportation for the northern and eastern coastal regions of the country.

Advantages: low freight tariffs; high carrying capacity. Disadvantages: low speed; strict requirements for packaging and securing cargo; low frequency of shipments; dependence on weather conditions.

Inland water transport. Inland water (river) transport is intended for the transportation of certain bulk types of cargo over medium and long distances, as well as for passenger traffic (especially suburban). However, in recent decades it cannot withstand competition with other types of transport and has practically turned into a specific type of technological transport intended for the transportation of mineral and construction materials.

Advantage: low freight tariffs; when transporting goods weighing more than 100 tons over a distance of more than 250 km, this type of transport is the cheapest.

Disadvantages: low delivery speed; low geographical accessibility due to restrictions imposed by the configuration of waterways; seasonality.

Air Transport. In terms of its functions, air transport is also highly specialized: it mainly carries out passenger transportation over long and medium distances, although it is of great importance in transporting a number of valuable, perishable and urgent goods.

Advantages: high speed; Possibility of delivery to remote areas.

Disadvantages: high freight rates; dependence on weather conditions, which reduces the reliability of meeting the delivery schedule.

Pipeline transport. Pipeline transport is designed for pumping gas, oil and petroleum products. Pipeline transport, in contrast to the universal modes of transport described above, still remains highly specialized, intended for pumping liquid and gaseous products of a limited range over long distances: gas, oil and petroleum products.

Advantages: high delivery speed; the most cost-effective way to transport oil and gas. Disadvantages: narrow specialization; frequent emergency situations due to pipeline safety violations, theft of non-ferrous metals and equipment from along-route structures; unauthorized tapping into pipelines; acts of sabotage; increased danger of environmental and social consequences of possible failures and accidents: fires, explosions, environmental pollution, a great threat to the population, losses due to theft through unauthorized tapping into oil pipelines; science-intensity and capital-intensity of defect diagnostics, repairs, equipment modernization, reconstruction and construction of new pipelines.

Industrial firms that have entrusted part of their functions to transport enterprises specialize in their core activities to increase its efficiency and are ready to pay for the qualified services of third-party companies to carry out a number of LF. Industrial firms see their main benefit in this process - a reduction in total costs and especially a reduction in wages. In addition, along with purely economic factors, cargo owners receive a higher degree of freedom of maneuver. Thus, increasing commercial flexibility is very valuable for industries operating in markets distributed over large territories and suffering losses from untimely switching of commodity flows in accordance with fluctuations in demand.

Transport logistics acts as a necessary component of the entire theory and practice of commercial logistics, since logistics as a science deals with the management of all flow movements, and the management of material flow is impossible without its transportation.

Logistics operations along the route of material flow occur using various vehicles.

The costs of these operations are approximately half of the total logistics costs.

Taking into account this approach to transport as part of the supply chain, commerce logistics is considered in different aspects:

1) from the standpoint of the operational efficiency of individual modes of transport;

2) from the point of view of organizing transportation from the cargo producer to the recipient;

3) taking into account the interests of the client, not only the main transportation, but also processing and storage are important.

The quality of transportation is more reflected in the overall costs than their cost, so taking into account the above aspects contributes to the optimal choice of transport services.

Transport, being an important link in the logistics system, must be flexible enough to ensure the transportation process meets changing demand.

The transport itself is divided into:

1) public transport (covers the needs of the national economy in transporting goods and passengers);

2) non-public transport (transport of the enterprise itself and transport owned by non-transport companies).

The objectives of transport logistics are to provide participants in the transport process with technical compliance - this is the consistency of vehicle parameters, allowing them to work with both containers and packages; technological compliance, where technological compliance is the use of a unified technology of transportation and direct transshipment; coordination of economic interests and use of unified planning systems.

Creating transport corridors, choosing the type of transport, choosing the route and type of vehicle - all these tasks also relate to transport logistics.

2. Basic concepts of transportation and freight forwarding

The main function of transport logistics is to create a system for optimizing the transportation process, as well as transport and forwarding support.

Basic concepts of transportation and freight forwarding include:

1) activities for forecasting, organizing and implementing the delivery of products from the place of their manufacture to the final destination and additional transportation services;

2) preparation of necessary documents;

3) legal support (conclusion of contracts) for transportation;

4) payment for the transportation of goods;

5) carrying out and organizing loading and unloading operations;

6) packaging, packing, warehousing;

7) increasing the volume of small and reducing the volume of large shipments;

8) information support;

9) insurance services, financial and customs services.

Transport support is work associated with movement, movement of goods and passengers, provision of loading and unloading services and storage services.

Transportation technology consists of a sequence of technological operations during the transport process.

Forwarding support is part of the process of movement of goods from manufacturer to consumer and includes a number of additional works, without which the transportation process cannot be started and completed.

3. Types of cargo transportation

Information about the characteristic features of various types of transport is the basis for choosing the type of transport that is optimal for a particular transportation.

Based on the number of modes of transport involved in transportation, delivery systems are divided into single-mode and multi-mode.

Single-type transportation includes unimodal transportation, and multi-type transportation includes multimodal and intermodal transportation.

Unimodal transportation, unlike intermodal and multimodal transportation, is carried out using one type of transport. Multimodal transportation is carried out, as a rule, within the country, intermodal transportation is a system for delivering goods in international traffic.

4. Advantages and disadvantages of certain types of transport

All of the listed types of transportation have their differences, but at the same time they also have similarities; they have a common technological basis in the form of specific technological schemes.

Let's consider the main advantages and disadvantages of various types of transport.

Road transport is involved in the transportation of goods over a relatively short distance (within 200–300 km); the main advantage of this type of transport is good maneuverability, which allows cargo to be delivered “door to door”.

This type of transport allows us to ensure regular deliveries, as well as deliveries in small quantities. There are less stringent packaging requirements here.

It is necessary to note the speed of delivery of goods and passengers; in terms of its speed characteristics, it is second only to air.

The main disadvantages are:

1) high cost of transportation;

2) the likelihood of cargo theft and theft of the vehicle itself;

3) low load capacity;

4) poor condition of roads and their short length;

5) expensive maintenance, high cost of material and technical resources;

6) motor transport is environmentally unfavorable, which reduces the possibility of its use.

But, despite these shortcomings, road transport actively provides freight transportation for all services of the national economy.

Road transport carries out the majority of passenger movements over short distances, in suburban transport, as well as in intercity transport at a distance of up to 500 km.

Rail transport is well suited for transporting various consignments of goods in any weather. The organization of transportation by this type of transport is regular and carried out over long distances.

The key advantage is the relatively low cost and the availability of discounts.

Another positive aspect is the possibility of laying railway lines in almost any territory of the country and the high transport and throughput capacity of railways.

Rail transport is characterized by relatively high economic indicators and fairly advanced transportation technology.

For an objective assessment, it is necessary to list the shortcomings, these include: a limited number of carriers, the impossibility of delivery in the absence of railway tracks.

The use of railway transport is beneficial when transporting goods (coal, mineral fertilizers, metals, etc.) over long and medium distances, between enterprises that have railway tracks. In some cases, the use of rail transport is beneficial even with insignificant cargo turnover.

Maritime transport plays an important role in the development and strengthening of economic ties with foreign countries; it is the largest carrier in international transport.

Compared to other types of transport, maritime transport has a number of positive differences in providing mass intercontinental transport.

Sea routes do not require additional costs, so this transport does not require additional capital investments.

This transport is characterized by: low cost of transportation, unlimited capacity.

The disadvantages of sea transport include:

1) dependence on natural and navigation conditions;

2) the need to build a complex port facility;

3) low speed and strict packaging requirements.

Maritime transport is associated with overseas transportation and delivery of goods for import and export to countries with trade links.

Inland water transport is characterized by low freight tariffs and is an important link in the overall transport system in areas where there are rivers.

River transport is distinguished by large carrying capacity, low cost of transportation, and low capital investments.

The disadvantages are the limited use of rolling stock due to the seasonality of work, lengthening of cargo routes, and low transportation speeds. River transport is effective in areas where there are no other modes of transport.

Air Transport. The main advantage is speed. Air transport is also distinguished by the ability to reach remote areas and high safety of cargo.

Air transport is mainly engaged in passenger transportation; freight transportation carried out by it, in comparison with the volume of transportation carried out by other modes of transport, is light in weight.

Air transport is engaged in the delivery of goods to industrial centers and the delivery of vegetables, fruits and other perishable products, as well as mail and other valuable cargo, to the northern regions.

The high cost of transportation is the main disadvantage of this type of transport. Disadvantages include dependence on weather conditions.

Pipeline transport. Pipelines are divided into oil pipelines, product pipelines and gas pipelines. This type of transport provides low cost with high throughput and a high degree of cargo safety. The disadvantage of pipeline transport is the small amount of goods to be transported. Pipeline transport is involved in pumping oil and gas from fields and moving oil distillation products.

5. Transport documentation

The main documents regulating the rules of transportation are the Charter of the Russian Railways, inland water transport, road transport, and the Merchant Shipping Code.

The charters and the Code define the duties and rights, as well as the responsibilities of transport organizations and citizens using transport. They regulate the relationships of transport organizations among themselves and with consumers of products.

When transporting goods, a contract is concluded in the form of an agreement under which the carrier undertakes to deliver the goods by his own means from the place of destination to the final destination within a specified time frame, and the sender undertakes to pay a set fee for transportation.

There are different contracts for different types of transport transportation.

The contract for cargo transportation by rail is a consignment note, which is drawn up by the sender of the cargo. Road manifest is a document that accompanies the cargo along the route.

Wagon sheet is a document drawn up for each loaded wagon.

In liner shipping, the contract is a bill of lading, which simultaneously serves as the carrier’s receipt of the cargo.

Bills of lading can be registered (drawn up for a specific recipient), order, or present (valid upon presentation).

In overseas navigation, with a non-linear form of shipping, the contract is formalized as a charter.

When transporting by sea, the primary document is the loading order.

In direct, water or mixed transport, a waybill is used instead of a loading order.

Consignment notes are issued for towing rafts and other floating objects and air transportation.

A standard contract has been established for motor transport organizations. When the vehicle goes on a trip, the truck driver is issued a waybill, which is the main document for recording the work; it is issued, as a rule, for one day and is returned at the end of the work.

The consignment note is the basis for settlements between the customer and the motor transport company.

List of documents required for the transportation of goods: waybill, invoices, power of attorney for transportation, specification, supplier invoice, power of attorney for transportation, summary statements.

6. Transport management

At the federal level, the central link in the state transport management system is the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation.

The creation of management structures and the distribution of functions and powers between them presupposes the existence of an organized system of state regulation of transport activities.

The Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation has its own central office and departments for modes of transport and road infrastructure. Departments of transport carry out a thorough analysis of the conditions and development trends of the sub-industry, in accordance with a unified state policy, they develop a policy for the development of transport in the region.

The central apparatus deals with strategic problems, development, preparation, coordination of draft laws and regulations, their implementation on the spot is carried out by independent centers of power in the form of local administrations. The emerging system of territorial transport management consists of transport administration bodies, non-administrative economic and financial units and coordination structures.

7. Routing of cargo flows

An important logistics method in determining the optimal route is total cost analysis.

The development of the optimal route is carried out by the freight forwarder of the cargo owner upon receipt of an order for the provision of transport services for the transportation of cargo that is new to him or a familiar cargo in a new direction.

At the end of the preliminary assessment, several competitive options are identified, each of which is further analyzed to select the final optimal option.

Not only the price of cargo transportation is taken into account, but also transportation time, the possibility of unforeseen expenses, delays in transit and the likelihood of cargo damage.

After determining the optimal route option, the forwarder selects transportation participants and concludes the necessary contracts.

8. Transport and logical chains, information support

The principles of logistics are most simply applied to the transportation of bulk cargo (coal, iron ore, petroleum products).

Transport and logistics chains are most effectively implemented in the field of cargo transportation. The development of competition between market participants for high-quality service at minimal cost, the development of unification processes between enterprises in various industries, the use of the latest information technologies that have great potential for positive management - all this contributes to the formation of new organizational forms of interaction between supply chains and networks.

Until recently, market orientation was considered the main factor for success, but for enterprises to be profitable, it is necessary to correctly select and combine resources.

It was the resource orientation that was formed in economically developed countries, which inevitably led to an understanding of the need for unified (integrated) logistics.

The characteristic features of integrated logistics have a direct impact on the efficiency and productivity of the transport system, as well as on the quality of its functioning.

The peculiarities lie in the accounting and use of resources that competitors do not have, in the ability of clients, by paying for additional services, to extract additional benefits for themselves, maintaining stability in the long term.

Summarizing all of the above, we can conclude: using the “value chain”, the logistics approach is focused on all participants in the commodity and logistics process. The value chain consists of four links: connections with suppliers, consumers, technological processes within the enterprise; logistics processes within the enterprise between its divisions; integrated communication between enterprises of the transport and logistics chain.

Enterprises in the transport and logistics chain strive to reduce costs by quickly turning over resources, reducing order fulfillment time, and coordinating transport work with a network of shippers and consignees.

An important strategic resource for transport logistics is logistics information.

Information support allows you to most effectively realize business goals; it is aimed at timely deliveries and preventing irrational losses of resources.

The use of electronics leads to a reduction in transportation costs due to the positive management of information flows, increasing their speed and coordination.

Depending on the source of obtaining information, external and internal information are distinguished within the information support of transport logistics.

Internal logistics information includes information about transport services, costs, tariffs, methods of transportation and delivery.

External – information about markets, competitors, customer needs, changes in transport legislation.

Transport and logistics enterprises united in a chain are interested in obtaining correct and timely data at all levels of management.

The information obtained is taken into account as a resource and an independent factor in transport and transportation activities.

The degree of satisfaction of consumer requests for transportation depends on the completeness and accuracy of information resources in transport logistics.

Dissatisfaction with information support indicates the lack of complete information about cargo, transportation conditions and transport processes, untimely receipt of information upon requests, differences in the levels of training of the workforce processing and using logistics information, the absence or underdevelopment of a communication network, and the lack of technologies for monitoring the properties of information resources.

Transport and logistics processes include searching, processing and distribution of information.

Time and quality are key factors in the transport logistics system.

Transport operations are subject to the requirement of logistics, delivery of safe cargo on time.

A logistics approach is necessary for enterprises providing transport services; The service sector must function in such a way as to fully satisfy the needs of the client.

To deliver cargo without delays with the least amount of resources, a unified technological process is developed and implemented, which takes into account the integration of production, transport and consumption. A unified technological process allows for smooth operation of all parts of the logistics system.

9. Delivery and distribution systems

A modern approach to transport as an integral part of a large system implies consideration of the entire transportation process from the initial to the final point (from the shipper to the consignee), including the processes of cargo handling, packaging and unpacking, storage and information support for cargo delivery.

The complexity of this process has led to the creation of special logistics centers.

These centers analyze data and develop proposals for improving cargo flows, distributing transportation across all modes of transport, packaging shipments, and the procedure for concluding contracts.

In logistics chains, during the delivery of goods, technological processes arise that have their own characteristics, depending on the characteristics of the cargo.

Delivery of goods is a set of activities carried out after receiving products for transportation and before receiving them by the consumer. They include the delivery of materials, their warehousing and storage, as well as packaging and transportation by any type of transport.

This also includes operations such as developing a traffic schedule and choosing a route. The goal of these activities is the reliable delivery of goods and eliminating the gap between production and consumer. Freight forwarding services are the main part of the process of moving cargo from the manufacturer to the consumer.

The main participants in the delivery system are forwarders, carriers, warehouses, etc.

When executing an order from a cargo manufacturer, the company acts as an organizer of the delivery process, selecting and coordinating the work of process participants, and at the same time bears responsibility to the cargo manufacturer and system participants. Product distribution involves the work of moving goods from producers to final or intermediate consumers.

The distribution system is based on:

1) consistency of individual industries and firms involved in the process of movement of products from manufacturer to consumer;

2) the totality of enterprises and organizations through which goods pass from the moment of its manufacture to the moment of its consumption;

3) coherence of activities of legal entities and individuals in promoting products as logistics providers between the manufacturer and consumer of the product.

The collection of distribution channels constitutes the distribution network.

With the development of the economy, the volume of foreign trade increases, and at the same time the volume of transportation of foreign trade goods and the number of passenger traffic increases.

In modern conditions, transport occupies a key position in integration processes. With the globalization of the economy and foreign trade exchange, new approaches to the development of transport and the search for cost-effective ways to develop the transportation of people and goods are required.

10. International road transport

International transportation of goods by road ensures economic ties between our country and the countries of Europe, the Middle East and Asia.

The structure of transportation is very diverse. They are divided into two main groups: transportation of foreign trade goods (machinery, machine tools, equipment, raw materials and resources) and transportation of non-trade goods (diplomatic cargo, movable property during relocation, exhibits, etc.).

International transportation, depending on the frequency of execution, can be regular or one-time.

International transportation is regulated by agreements on international road transport between the governments of our country and the contracting country.

Cargo transportation is carried out on the basis of permits issued for each flight and giving the right to carry out transportation there and back.

If the total weight of cargo and vehicles or their overall dimensions are not included in the norms established and in force in the territory of another country, and also if it is necessary to transport dangerous goods, then, in addition to regular permits, special ones are also required.

All vehicles and the drivers driving them are subject to customs control. Rolling stock carrying out international transportation must have national registration numbers and distinctive signs.

For international transport, heavy vehicles and van road trains are used. Movement is carried out through a through system. The car crew consists of two drivers.

The efficiency of international road transport is to ensure door-to-door delivery of cargo.

26 03

When producing a product, every entrepreneur first of all thinks about its sale and obtaining the maximum possible profit. That is why he strives to cover as much space as possible in a short period of time, where this product will be relevant and in demand. When contacting any company, the customer may be faced with several proposals for solving the problem. In this case, the basics of transport logistics for beginning entrepreneurs and individuals who decide to use cargo transportation services will help you choose the right option. It is knowledge of the basics of transport logistics that will help you choose the right company among competing companies to which you can entrust your cargo.

The history of transport logistics

Few people paid attention to the fact that logistics appeared in ancient times, when there were special servants who distributed products between different provinces, settlements, and people. The main meaning lies in the word “logistics” (logistike) - the ability to calculate, evaluate, reason. A striking example is the construction of trade routes for caravans with overseas goods. And yet, as an industry, the creation of transport logistics dates back to the Second World War. It was necessary to solve strategic problems, the purpose of which was the correct distribution of food and supplying the army with weapons and ammunition. Logistics was divided into several types, and transport was only a small part of it. Gradually, the meaning of the term changed and included the management of warehousing and product distribution. Each customer will know, having studied transport logistics, how to calculate the costs of cargo delivery, and what type of transport to give preference.

When developing a cargo delivery system in logistics, the following factors are taken into account:

• cargo dimensions;
• carrying capacity of the vehicle;
• travel distance;
• period.

The commercial success of a particular company or entrepreneur depends on how quickly the method of transporting cargo is selected, the route is calculated, and other participants in transport logistics are involved. Therefore, the goals and main tasks of transport logistics are to organize regular deliveries, maximize the use of the vehicle’s carrying capacity, and correctly select the cargo route.

Main stages of transport logistics:

• selection of the optimal mode of transport;
• estimation of expected expenses;
• preparation of a package of documents;
• loading and installation of cargo;
• transportation;
• unloading at the required point.

Transport logistics management for road transport can be combined with adjustments to the activities of another mode of transport.

Factors hindering the rapid development of logistics:

• economic instability;
• weak level of production base for the production of containers and packaging;
• bad roads that do not allow the maximum permissible speed to be reached;
• low level of production base.

But even with the existing difficulties, the importance of transport logistics is great and it is the future.

Basic concepts of transport logistics

The essence of transport logistics is briefly the following - to organize timely delivery of cargo to a specific area by a specific hour. In this case, you must complete the following tasks:

• analyze delivery points and cargo properties;
• choose the right type of transport;
• select a specific carrier and other partners;
• build a route;
• constantly monitor the movement of cargo;
• to form and ensure the unity of all “persons involved” in the cargo transportation process;
• optimize the movement process.

Having mastered the concepts of transport logistics, each customer understands how important this is for the further development of the company.

Transport and warehouse logistics – “two sides of the same coin”

Transport logistics in Russia cannot exist effectively without a well-functioning warehouse accounting system. After all, it is the stock of goods in warehouses that allows you to get rid of serious downtime and disruptions in fulfilling a special order. Let's look at how transport logistics for automakers in Germany is organized. In this country, the automotive industry has a significant share and influences the production activities of auto parts suppliers. Special systems for supplying the domestic market have been developed here, where the concept of “just in time” and “just one after the other” is applied.

The meaning of the concepts is the timely delivery of the necessary spare parts to production. And for enterprises where there are no warehouses, the logistics of supplying components is so precisely calculated that it delivers products exactly at the right time on the conveyor belt. All of Europe clearly works according to this principle and effectively solves optimization problems of transport logistics. For Russia, this model is not yet acceptable due to the relatively low level of production development. For the efficient operation of transport logistics, special software products are being introduced that calculate routes for specific types of transport, volume of products, their weight and other analytical studies. Information technologies in transport logistics make it possible to compare actual and planned routes, which clearly reflect deviations and help identify unreasonable downtime.